Deciphering the Nature of an Overlooked Rate‐Limiting Interphase in High‐Voltage LiNi$_{0.5}$Mn$_{1.5}$O$_4$ Cathodes: A Combined Electrochemical Impedance, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Study

Abstract

High-voltage cathode active materials, such as LiNi$_{0.5}$Mn$_{1.5}$O$_4$ (LNMO), are of major interest for the development of high-energy lithium-ion batteries. However, it has been reported that composite cathodes based on high-voltage active materials suffer from high impedances and low rate capabilities. The origin of the high impedances has not yet been clarified. Here, we use a combination of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FIB/SEM/EDX) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for showing that in the case of LNMO-based cathodes, a major part of the cathode impedance is related to the formation of a passivating interphase on the Al current collector. Remarkably, the impedance of this interphase can be mitigated by the targeted formation of a distinct passivating interphase, namely on the surface of the LNMO particles. The interplay between these interphases is discussed