This study included ( 150 ) samples of women used Contraceptives in  (Samaraa General Hospital) (30) blood draw pulled from healthy women as  Control sample. The samples were divided into three groups; the first group: -(60) women used combined oral contraceptive pill (COCs)  the second group: -(60) women used Progesterone Only Pills(POPs). The third group was the healthy women. The results of the study indicated significant numbers decrease in the Concentration of the Potassium Ion at level (P <0.001) and significant increase in the Concentration of the Sodium Ion at level (P <0.001) when compared to the control group. The results revealed significant decrease in the proteins of the blood (Total protein, Albumin) at level (P <0.001)when compared to the control group. while the results showed a rise in the concentration level of Cholesterol, Triglyceride at level (P <0.001)and significant decrease in the HDL when compared to the control group

Aya Saad Yasen

Firas Faris Rija

Saria Naji Muhsin

Directory of Open Access Journals

University of Thi-Qar Journal Of Science (UTsci) Website: jsci.utq.edu.iq                                                                                                 Email: jsci@utq.edu.iq Volume 7, Number 1, June 2019  33   Study Effects of Contraceptives  On Serum  Electrolytes and lipid profile in Samarra City   Saria Naji Muhsin*              Aya Saad Yasen                       Firas Faris Rija  Department of Biology - College of Science - Tikrit University  *Email: saria7052@gmail.com  *Mobile: 07710671270  Abstract:- This study included ( 150 ) samples of women used Contraceptives in  (Samaraa General Hospital) (30) blood draw pulled from healthy women as  Control sample. The samples were divided into three groups; the first group: -(60) women used combined oral contraceptive pill (COCs)  the second group: -(60) women used Progesterone Only Pills(POPs). The third group was the healthy women. The results of the study indicated significant numbers decrease in the Concentration of the Potassium Ion at level (P <0.001) and significant increase in the Concentration of the Sodium Ion at level (P <0.001) when compared to the control group. The results revealed significant decrease in the proteins of the blood (Total protein, Albumin) at level (P <0.001)when compared to the control group. while the results showed a rise in the concentration level of Cholesterol, Triglyceride at level (P <0.001)and significant decrease in the HDL when compared to the control group. Keywords: Contraceptives, electrolytes.  Introduction:- Steroid s  are a group of hormones,secreted by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, and the placenta. All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. They are transported through the bloodstream to the cells of various target organs. (Gupta and Lalchhandama ,2002).].The oral contraceptive pill, also known as birth control pill, is suitable for most healthy women, regardless of age, and it can be used for long-term( Susan and Terri ,2009) .The combined pill contains the hormones estrogen and progestin, a form of progesterone. When a woman uses the combination pill, the eggs in her ovaries do not mature (National,2009) . There are two main types of hormonal contraceptive formulations: combined formulation which contain both an estrogen and a progestin,and progestogen-only formulation which contain only progesterone( Oesterheld , Cozza , and Sandson , 2008).The combined oral contraceptive pills is extremely effective, at least in the absence of intercurrent illness and of treatment with potentially interacting drugs. The estrogen in most combined preparations (second –generation pills) is   ethinylestradiol, though a few preparations contain mestranol instead. The progestogen may be norethisterone, or - in (third- generation), which are more potent ,have less androgenic action and cause less change in lipoprotein metabolism but which probably cause a greater risk of thromboembolism than second –generation do (Steinkampf , Carr and   Blackwell , 1998).       Side effects of Contraceptives  are included:- Heart and blood vessels, Cancer Weight, Depression, Hypertension, vomiting. (Guida et al, 2004). Combined oral contraceptive pills were developed to suppress development follicle to prevent ovulation by suppressing the release of gonadotropins (GnRH). The mode of action is as follows: 1-Estrogen inhibits secretion of (FSH) via negative feedback on the anterior pituitary and thus suppresses development of the ovarian follicle. 2-Progestogen inhibits secretion of (LH) and thus prevents ovulation; it also makes the cervical mucus less suitable for the passage of sperm (National, 2009).  University of Thi-Qar Journal Of Science (UTsci) Website: jsci.utq.edu.iq                                                                                                 Email: jsci@utq.edu.iq Volume 7, Number 1, June 2019  33  Materials patients and methods:- The study has carried out in Samarra hospital from (February to July 2017). The study included (120) women who take Steroid Drugs', their ages (25-30) years old. As well as choosing random group included (30)Sample of healthy women of age (25-30) years old. The samples divided into three groups :- *- Group No .1:- included (30) healthy women.  *-Group.No.2:- included women how take Progesterone Only Pills(POPs) , they were (60) women . *- Group No .3:- included women how take Combined Oral contraceptive pill(COCs), they were (60) women.   Method Of Collection The Sample:-    I Collected (150) blood sample from women who take Steroid Drugs' and from healthy women of age (25-30) years old. The blood samples were taken from the vein .10 mL from each patient ,the blood was put in disposable test tubes . The tubes are empty of (EDTA) in order to per form  Biochemical tests. After that , The blood was left in room temperature for 20 minutes , The blood was separated by using centrifuge at speed of (3000) rpm for 10 minutes. The serum was extracted by using Micropipette , 1mL of blood serum was used  to  test  proteins and ions. and 1mL for lipids tests.  Determination of blood Potassium Ion Concentration:- Potassium Ion 0measured in the serum by following the steps supplied with inspection (Kit) provided by(BioLabo) Company France (Tietz, 1995).  Determination of blood Sodium Ion Concentration:- It was  measured in the serum by following the steps supplied with inspection (Kit) provided by(BioLabo) Company France (Tietz, 1995).                                                                        Cholesterol, Triglycerides and  HDL:- Were Measured using The enzyme methods according to the  Kits supplied by ( Biolabo) Company , France ((Tietz, 1999, Fossati ,1982).  Measurement of Total S.Protein concentration:-  Biurete Method  was used to used evaluate the proteins of the serum ,the Chromatographic  intensity was at 546 Nanometer (Kingsley,1942).  Measurement of Albumin concentration:- Albumin in the serum was determined by methods supplied with the (Kit) provided by(BioLabo) Company France(- Jennifer and  Finbarr , 1982 ).   Statistical Analysis:- The data was collected and analysis statistically by using program (SPSS10) of windows. including (Mean ±S.D). The significant differences at level (P<0.001). was.considered.Statistically.significant.  Results and Discussion:-                                                                                            **significant ( increase at level) of  P<0.01 compared with control *significant(decrease at level)of  P<0.01 compared with control  normal range of potassium in the blood(3.5-5.0) milli Equivalents per liter (mEq/L). normal range of Sodium in the blood (135 to 145mEq/L ) The results in table (1) showed significant increase in the Sodium Ion levels and significant decrease in the potassium Ion levels in the serum of the women used Oral Contraceptive in comparison with control group ,and this agree with the  results of (Stachenfeld et al 2001).The cause of that due to the Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills which causes decrease of the  Potassium Ion, because the Estrogen hormone act as decrease K Ion and caused hypertension, and work on Fluid retention , the  kidney start to keep high amount of Na and high amount of water(Stachenfeld et al 1999). Some studies showed  that using Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills increase Na in the body which to keep high amount of Na levels in plasma and indicated that Fluid retention (Kang et al ,2001)Potassium act on regulated Sodium levels in the Table NO.(1) The Concentration of the Potassium and Sodium Ions  in the women Used Contraceptives compare with control University of Thi-Qar Journal Of Science (UTsci) Website: jsci.utq.edu.iq                                                                                                 Email: jsci@utq.edu.iq Volume 7, Number 1, June 2019  33  cells ,the high amount of Na work to decrease K Ion and caused hypertension(Sims et al,2007).       **significant (  increase at level) of  P<0.01 compared with control *significant (decrease at level) of  P<0.01 compared with control The results in table (3) showed significant increase  in lipids levels (Triglestried, Cholesterol) and Showed significant decrease (HDL) in the women serum used Oral Contraceptive in comparison with control group ,and this agree with results study of (Olatunji et al,2008) The Oral Contraceptives caused increase of the lipids ,the Progesterone hormone act us increase LDL and decrease HDL while Estrogen hormone work us increase Triglestried, Cholesterol (Loncar , 2007). Changes in the lipids in a women using Oral Contraceptives (OC) because the Estrogen act us to increase LDL, Triglestried, while reduce HDL (-Goldstein, and  Brown, 1990, Foulon et al,2001). found that using Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills (COCs) increase total Cholesterol levels in plasma .But the studies indicated that Triglestried increase  in the women using Desogestrel/Ethinilestradiol( Foulon et al,2001). The low dosage of Estrogen, Progesterone hormone in the Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills(COCs) reduce side effects of lipids and total protein in the plasma (Kohet al,2004) Reason of decrease(HDL) in the women serum due to the increase of estradiol free level and biological Active along menstrual cycle (Olatunji et al,2008).  References:-  Bakry , S. &  Abu-Shaeir , W. . 2010 . Electrophoretic and histopathological studies on adult femal rats treated with depo-provera (DMPA),Astralian Journnal of Basic and Applied Sciences : 4(1). pp: 61-70. Foulon ,T. ; Payen , N.; Laporte, F.; Bijaoui ,S.; Dupont , G.and Roland , F. 2001.Effects of two low –dose oral contraceptives containging ethinylestradiol and either desogestrel orlevonorgestrel on serum lipids a lipiproteins with particular regaredo LDL size, Contraception:64(1).pp:11-6. Fossati,p. (1982) Principle Clinical Chemistry, 28,2077.  Goldstein , J .L.& Brown , M.S. 1990. Regulation of the mevalonate pathway . Nature :343. pp: 425- 430. Guida , M. , S. ; Attilio D.; Spiezio , Bramante  S. ; Sparice , S. ; Acunzo , G. ; Tommaseli , G. A. ; Carlo, C. D. ; Pellicano ,M. ; Greco , E.  and Nappi C.. 2004 . Effect of two types of hormonal contraceptive – oral versus  intravaginal – on the sexual life of women and their  portners . European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. Gupta BBP, Lalchhandama K (2002). "Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action" 83 (9): 1103–1111. Jennifer , D.& Finbarr , D.P. 1982. Albumin by bromoeresol  green –acase of lobaratory conservatism . Clin.Chem , 28(6).pp: 1407-1408. Kang AK, Duncan JA, Cattran DC, Floras JS, Lai V, Scholey JW, Miller JA. Effect of oral contraceptives on the renin angiotensin system and renal function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 280: R807–R813, 2001. Kingsley,G.R.(1942) The Direct Burette method for the determination   of serum protein as applied to photoelectric and visual- colorimetry .J.lab. Clin.Med.,27:840-845 PP. Koh , K.K. ; Shin M.S.; Sakuma , I; Ahn , J. Y. ; Jin , D.K. & Kim, H.S. 2004 .Effects of conventional or lower doses of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women . Aterioseler Thromb Vasc  Biol : 24 .pp: 1516- 1521. Loncar , D. 2007 . Oral hormonal contraceptive – The influence on human genome & lipid status . J. Acta .Medica .Medianae , (46). National Prescribing Service (2009). "NPS News 54: Hormonal contraceptives - tailoring for the individual".  Oesterheld , J.R. ; Cozza , K. & Sandson , N.B. 2008. Med-Psych Drug –Drug Intractions  update , Table NO.(3) Illustrated the Levels of the lipids at in the women Used Contraceptives compare with control University of Thi-Qar Journal Of Science (UTsci) Website: jsci.utq.edu.iq                                                                                                 Email: jsci@utq.edu.iq Volume 7, Number 1, June 2019  33  Oral contraceptives . Psychosomatics : 49 (2). pp: 168-175. Olatunji , Lawrence A. ; Soladoye , Ayodele O. & Oveyipo , Peter I. 2008 . Effect  of increased dietary cakiumon  hemorheological, lipid and lipid peroxidation in oral contraceptive – treated female  rats. Clinical Hemorheology and microcirculation: 38(2).  Ribstein ,J  ; Halimi , J.M. ; Mimran , A. 1999. Renal characteristics and effect of angiotensin suppression in oral  contraceptive users Hypertension :90-5. Savitr,R.; E.Sponzili & C.Wingerd . 2006. Effects of steroid contraceptives on serum protein fractions . Brazilian J. Obstetrics & Gynecology , 48. pp: 211-215. Sims ST, van Vilet L, Cotter JD, Rehrer NJ. Sodium loading aids fluid balance and reduces physiological strain of trained men exercising in the heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39: 123–130, 2007. Stachenfeld NS, Silva C, Keefe DL, Kokoszka CA, Nadel ER. Effects of oral contraceptives on body fluid regulation. J Appl Physiol 87: 1016–1025, 1999. Stachenfeld NS, Keefe DL, Palter SF. Estrogen and progesterone effects on transcapillary fluid dynamics. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281: R1319–R1329, 2001. Steinkampf , M.P. ; Carr, B.R.  &  Blackwell , R.E. 1998 . Contraception ,In textbook of reproductive medicine . 2th . Carr BR ,Blackwell RE editors . Appleton and lange .pp: 707- 725. Susan Scott Ricci; Terri Kyle (2009). "Common Reproductive Issues". Contraception. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 119. Tietz,NW.(1995)"Clinical Guide to Laboratory TTestes"3rdEdition .PP:22-23.   Tietz,N.W. (1999) Textbook of clinical Chemistry ,3th Ed. C.A. Buetis ,E.R. Ashwood ,W.B. Saundersp. 809-856.                                                                                                                                                                    

Study Effects of Contraceptives  On Serum  Electrolytes and lipid profile in Samarra City

http://jsci.utq.edu.iq/index.php/main/article/download/245/239

Study Effects of Contraceptives On Serum Electrolytes and lipid profile in Samarra City

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Directory of Open Access Journals