Substantial digital remote sensing, lunar orbital photography, Earth-based remote sensing, and mapping of a variety of surficial lunar phenomena have occurred since the advent of the Space Age. This has led to a bewildering and quite disparate collection of archival sources insofar as this digital data and its cartographic representation can be found within many countries of the world. The importance of this mapping program in support of human expansion onto our nearest planetary neighbor has been recognized. A series of small scale maps of the Moon at 1 km to 1 cm, done with the support of Geographic Information System (GIS), would serve decision makers well in the process of accessing the development of manned occupance of the Moon. Maps and the data that they are derived from are the primary way in which people explore new environments and use previously discovered data to increase the bounties of any exploration. The inherent advantage of GIS is that it would allow immediate online access on the Moon of topographically represented data with analysis either on site or from Earth

Mardon, A. A.

English

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LP! Technical Report 92-06 37
on a determined course toward colonization. With on-site surface
exploitable volatiles, a lunar base could "live off the land" to a
greater extent than expected than under a scenario without any
lunar frozen water or other volatiles. With a joint surveying and
mapping mission of the Moon with American instrumentation and
an immediate Soviet launch to lunar polar orbit, globally redundant
projects such as the U.S. space station Freedom and the Soviet
station Mir could be replaced with a more culturally and politically
diverse lunar base. With marginal modification, modules built for
LEO could be placed on the lunar surface and/or attached to Mir.
While much has been written on the utilization of lunar volatiles
as a source of propellant fuel for a LEO, inner solar system,
transportation node, the potential of the discovery of lunar ice
will enable human outposts to "live off the land" on the Moon.
The development of strategies focusing on the utilization of
existing, nonterrestrial resources on-site is of primary concern.
This would not be a departure from the ideology of exploration
of the solar system, but would merely be wisely following the
Punjabi proverb "Grasp all, lose all." It does not function in a
pattern of evolutionary development and growth. Currently, the
Western program is not focused in a specific direction. The
assessment of these mineralogical maps of the Moon could lead
to an evolution of direct launching to the Moon without an
expensive station around the Earth. Previously, the U.S. had an
existing operational" space station, but abandoned it to the ele-
ments and its ultimate fiery tate. A lunar base would involve less
ult imate short-term and long-term expenditure than would space
station development. The primary justification made for the lunar
base is the ul t imate export of volatiles to LEO.
With the recent offer by the U.S.S.R. to launch a germanium
gamma ray spectrometer instrumented platform to the Moon, the
direction of the planet for the next 25 years will become clearer.
Comparing the Ride Report and The National Commission on
Space Report, Hempsell found that each of these pathways of
solar system expansion could be developed in the twenty-first
century. His conclusion was that immediate investment in an
extensive lunar infrastructure would offset its i n i t i a l costs.
Current human decisions will have an impact on global devel-
opment over the next thousand years. These decisions include
proposals and data that will reinforce our commitment to expan-
sion off the planet. The previous lunar mission and telescope
images that have been compiled over a 30-year period should be
digitized in a standardized format and integrated into a CIS
computer database. The gamma ray spectrometer data would then
be only one level of the overlaid cartographic information. This
same technique could then be duplicated on other terrestrial and
nonterrestrial site locations. Currently, the only portions of the
Moon that have been mapped with spectrographic analysis are
those around the lunar equator from the Apollo exploration
period. One example of lunar surface'features that have not been
mapped totally is the lunar lava tubes, which could supply excellent
first-stage radiation shield structures.
A dedicated, one-instrument, gamma ray spectrometer that is
being developed for the lunar prospector probe could be used in
an identical format to map surface resources on other inner solar
system bodies. The resulting maps would also give us definite
information on those resource nodes that should be targeted for
development and human settlement. With limited monies, hard
decisions must be made whether to fund projects that, while of
immense scientific merit, have little ut i l i ty to the potential expan-
sion of our species off the planet. Any expansion off the Earth
will involve lunar resource development in some manner. The
discovery of lunar ice at the poles would influence the immediacy
of a lunar polar station.
Spectral surface characteristics of the Moon have been an
ignored area of scientific inquiry. The sensing systems and launch-
ing platforms are available, and a prospector mission would cost
about $30 million in a shuttle launch configuration through to
a 575 million cost. While it is not a flashy area of study, it will
pave the way for permanent habitation of our nearest celestial
body. Politicians should be supplied with maps and information,
rather than fantasian Utopian images, to base decisions of funding
and political directions of scientific research.
WTien the U.S. President Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark
westward, he expected and received detailed reconnaissance maps.
These maps were the basis of all later discussions of how the U.S.
should expand. Many expensive interplanetary probes have been
launched without any discussion as to whether they will impact
on the expansion of the human solar system ecumene.
The germanium gamma ray spectrometer is an inexpensive,
already extant instrument that, while not necessarily answering
many scientific questions, will tell human beings where and how
to direct their expansion of the mineral exploitation of the Moon.
UTILIZATION OF GEOGRAPHIC -INFORMATION SYS-
TEM IN LUNAR MAPPING. A. A. Mardon, Department of
Space Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks ND
58202, USA.
Substantial digital remote sensing, lunar orbital photography,
Earth-based remote sensing, and mapping of a variety of surficial
lunar phenomena have occurred since the advent of the Space
Age. This has led to a bewildering and quite disparate collection
of archival sources insofar as this digital data and its cartographic
representation can be found within many countries of the world.
The importance of this mapping program in support of human
expansion onto our nearest planetary neighbor has been recognized
since the advent of the Space Age [ 1 ). This is still as true as when
it was stated in 1964 that, "The program for landing men on the
lunar surface requires that suitable and safe sites be defined and
verified before the actual landings" (2) .
In 1991 only the U.S.A. has landed humans on the Moon. If
during the preceding decade efforts had been dedicated to devel-
oping inexpensive labor-intensive tasks such as the detailed map-
ping of the Moon (3), we would be fur ther ahead today in lunar
exploration. A series of small-scale maps of the Moon at 1 km
to 1 cm, done with the support of Geographic Information System
(G1S), would serve decision makers well in the process of accessing
the development of manned occupance of the Moon. Nothing
has been published to this date on the use of CIS in a lunar mapping
context [4].
Maps and the data that they are derived from are the primary
way in which people explore new environments and use previously
discovered data to increase the bounties of any exploration. The
inherent advantage of CIS is that it would allow immediate online
access on the Moon of topographically represented data [5,6], with
analysis either on site or from Earth. This would mean that
astronauts in the field would be able to get instantaneous car-
tographic data representations on any of the suited visual monitors
that would be part of an astronaut's extravehicular suit.
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930008068 2020-03-24T07:24:17+00:00Z
38 New Technologies for Lunar Resource Assessment
Any vehicles or shelters that would be used on the Moon would
have internal video monitors. The multiple database maps could
be instantaneously represented on the screens of those persons
using transmitted data in order that decisions on the direction
of a route of traverse or assistance in the selection of a site to
use could be worked out on the spot in the field. A similar proposal
was presented to the National Science Foundation on the mount-
ing of video map monitors on the dashboard of snowmobiles used
in the field in Antarctic traverses. These monitors could be viewed
while riding along on the snowmobile. Personal experience in the
Antarctic shows that other members of the Plateau-based field
team were continually referring to our maps for a variety of
purposes. An inertial guidance system could be used in conjunction
with lunar satellite telemetry to give onboard CIS exact, con-
tinuous coordinates on the entire lunar surface. It would be rather
difficult to handle a conventional two-dimensional cloth or paper
map from inside a spacesuit. Orbital photography could be directly
portrayed or portrayed with graphic enhancements in the lunar
environment.
Further developments in CIS cartographic representation make
it now possible for it to be used in the form of a video monitor,
and apropos the CIS this would be well suited to the medium
of maps that will be used in space.
A CIS would be operationally actualized in a lunar field envir-
onment by becoming a standard part of the astronaut's lunar
surface suit. A variety of configurations could be envisaged for
use in the field. The first proposed configuration of CIS that the
author proposes is that a small 10-1 5-cm full-color monitor he
installed on the side of the interior of the spncesuit helmet. This
screen could display the entire range of topographic features and
would have the resolution of the current high-resolution television
screens. The astronaut would swivel his head to either the right
or the left to see this screen. The second proposed configuration
is a Heads-Dp Display (HUD) on the faceplate of the helmet.
This would be similiar to the HUD that is seen in fighter aircraft
allowing target acquisition and data displayed in a manner that
can be seen through [7]. Thus monochromatic lines or a full-color
display could portray multiple datasets in a see-through monitor;
in very simple terms the helmet face plate would become the
monitor. The graphic information could be switched on and off
and different densities of graphic and digital information could
be displayed on a HUD system. The third configuration in which
CIS could be displayed is in the form of a chest-mounted screen
that would swing out and could be viewed when looking directly
downward. The fourth configuration is a screen in a portable
carrying case that could be held up by one hand to view. The
fifth configuration is the faceplate could be replaced by a monitor
close to the eyes with no translucent properties [8],
The utilization of screens for display purposes would be very
easy, for vehicles would probably have monitors for other assigned
purposes, namely the secondary purpose of displaying any required
maps. Out of all the variety of ways to display cartographic
information, the one that is most likely to be developed and utilized
is the HUD on the spacesuit helmet faceplate. All internal video
monitors could be used in a similar manner to that used by pilots,
for example a HUD, either in the form of a direct voice command
or through focusing one's eye on a certain area of the screen and
blinking. This technology is rumored to have been developed to
a high degree in the USAF Apache helicopter and F-18 [7]. This
would allow the astronaut to move smoothly on the display screen
from different databases and from different scale-map displays. The
monitor display could go from a 1-cm- to 1-km-scale topographic
display to a 1-cm to 1-m topographic display with a blink of the
eye and/or a vocal command. Other suit status information could
be displayed or overlayed onto this information.
Historically, maps were created before an expedition began,
based on all accessible information about an area that was relevant.
A lunar utilization of the available CIS would allow the modern
and future lunar explorer the opportunity to have immediately
updated maps that use several Earth nations' archival resources.
Thus, ironically, this could be its most impressive contribution
manifested by its inherent speed and agility to address new
problems.
The author proposes that the new cartographic techniques that
have been developed within the CIS could be applied to the
methods of archival storage, retrieval, and representation of the
bewildering array of lunar surficial phenomena data sources [9].
CIS cartographic technology allows the multiple overlaying of
disparate digital and cartographic data in order to correlate and
substantiate new patterns. Then contemporary and historical lunar
data compiled by a variety of nations could be referenced for
retrieval. These sources would in some cases be damaged with the
passage of time [ 10]. CIS could be used to archive and allow new
and novel utilization of any old unused data.
An examination of the references in NASA Technical Abstracts
from 1958 to 1989 suggests that there is first of all a correlation
with exploration act ivi ty and the publication of maps. After the
funding cuts of the 1970s, on average the ratio of entries under
lunar mapping and lunar photography has been less than it was
before and during the active exploration stage of the Moon by
the U.S. This also means that it does support an active mission
of exploration of the Moon. One problem with this form of analysis
is that it relies heavily upon the abstracting heading system. Many
articles that directly relate to the topic of mapping are not covered
in the abstract headings. The author proposes that over a 30-
year period abstract publication rates can indicate interest in the
space program and specifically lunar mapping. Future increases
in the appearance of mapping heading abstracts might indicate
an increased serious interest in lunar exploration by the U.S.A.
At the current time the mapping headings do not correspond to
the numbers that appeared in the 1960s before the manned lunar
landings.
A future area of research that could be developed upon the
integration and data entry of all the lunar maps and orbital and
surface photography is the comparison of photographs to measure
the small meteorite impact rate on the Moon. This would involve
the superimposition of future images over preserved past images.
This would be another means, that we currently do not have,
to measure temporal differences in small-body meteor impact rates.
Evidence of mass slope slippages along crater walls that might also
occur could be seen in compared images. These observations could
be seen when comparing 1960s" and 1970s images with future lunar
images. Using archived historical aerial photography to compare
changes over time in the cultural and physical landscape has been
quite common on Earth, and on the Moon archived images in
an internationally standardized computer medium might provide
us with valuable insights into planetary processes.
A robust lunar~planetary-scale mapping program is a primary
prerequisite to a well-informed decision-making process in the site
selection of permanent lunar facilities [1]. The utilization of CIS
in support of this goal would be timely and has precedents in site
selection procedures on Earth [11]. Historically, mapping has been
LPI Tec/mica/ Report 92-06 39
the major tool in exploration over the past half millenium. This
newest powerful tool for the modern cartographer could be cost-
effectively used to accelerate and correctly discern optimal lunar
sires for utilization.
We went to our Moon over 20 years ago with technology that
makes our current general technological level seem extremely
advanced. Our movement to our nearest planetary neighbor is
not a matter of needing superior technology but is one of organizing
what we currently know in a superior manner. Using technology
that has already been proven and is inexpensive to support, our
drive out from Earth has greater potential for success than in
developing unproven technology. A universal cartographic data-
base founded on the principles at the center of GIS would become
the same helpful tool for exploration that the ancient maps of
Herodotos, Ptolemy, and Strabo were to Columbus in his discovery
of the "New World" in 1492.
"Discovery is documentation" [12] and, simply, the most useful
form of documentation for exploration is the map. This still applies
to our future exploration of the Moon as it is applied to historic
exploration on Earth. This use of historic maps in exploration
has been shown in Henry the Navigator's use of Necho's African
map. This map, as described in Herodotos' History, was made in
the sixth century B.C. The map described the legendary circum-
navigation of Africa sponsored by the Egyptian Necho. This was
then used in the fifteenth century A.D. by Henry the Navigator
to justify the Portuguese southward exploration in their attempt
to follow Necho's described legendary circumnavigation of Africa
2100 years previously.
Our maps of the Moon, whether they be represented on paper
or computer screen, will be the human race's most valuable and
inexpensive tool in the exploration and conquest of the Moon.
References: [11 Cramer R. (1962) Abstract Volume and Papers
of the American Rocket Society Annual Meeting. [2] Amdursky M. E.
(1964) Presented at the 3rd Symposium on Remote Sensing of the
Environment, Michigan University, 30 pp. [3] Wu S. S. C. (1981)
LPSC XiJ, 1217-1218. [41 Wu S. S. C. (1991) personal commun-
ication. [5) Wu S. S. C. (1981) Reports of the Planetary Geology
Program- 1981, 497-499, NASA TM-84'211. [6] WuS.S.C. (1982)
Reports of Planetary Geology Program- 1 982, 73-375, NASA TM-
85127. [7] Drummond R. C. and Looper J. L (1988) AGARD
Conference Proceeding, 343. [8] Costello R. B. (1988) Spectrum, 25,
69. [9] U.S. General Accounting Office (1990) Space Operations:
NASA is not Properly Sa/eguarding Valuable Data from Past Mis-
sions. [10] Fisher J. W. (1990) Space News, M i l ] Mardon A. A.
(1992) Bull. Soviet Antarctic Expedition, in press. [12] Roscoe J.
H. (1990) personal communication.
MOSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY FOR LUNAR RE-
SOURCE ASSESSMENT: MEASUREMENT OF MINER-
ALOGY AND SOIL MATURITY. R. V. Morris1, D. G.
Agresti2, E. L. Wills2, T. D. Shelfer', M. M. Pimperl2, M.-H. Shen2,
and M. A. Gibson3, 'Mail Code SN4, NASA Johnson Space
Center, Houston TX 77058, USA, 2Physics Department, Univer-
sity of Alabama, Birmingham AL 35294, USA, 3Carbotek, Inc.,
16223 Park Row, Suite 100, Houston TX, USA.
Introduction: First-order assessment of lunar soil as a resource
includes measurement of its mineralogy and matutity. Soils in
which the mineral ilmenite is present in high concentrations are
desirable feedstock for the production of oxygen at a lunar base.
Fe(0) in Metallic Iron
1 I I
Fe(2+) in Olivine
Fe(2+) in Pyroxene
PI Fe(2+) in Ilmenite
Lunar Soil
73131
-10 -5 0 5
Velocity (mm/s)
Fig. 1.
10
Fe(2+) in Pyroxene
fl Fe(2+) in Ilmenite
Lunar Rock
70035
Fe(0) in Metallic Iron
I I I I I I
| | Fe(2+) in Pyroxene
- 1 0 - 5 0 5 1 0
Velocity (mm/s)
Fig. 2.
The matutity of lunar soils is a measure of their relative residence
time in the upper 1 mm of the lunar surface. Increasing maturity
implies increasing load of solar wind species (e'g., N, H, and 3He),
decreasing mean grain size, and increasing glass content. All these
physicochemical properties that vary in a regular way with maturity
are important parameters for assessing lunar soil as a resource.
For example, 3He can be extracted and potentially used for nuclear
fusion. A commonly used index for lunar soil maturity is Is/FeO,


Utilization of Geographic Information System in Lunar Mapping

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