Chong, Chou Min

Lee, Po-Tsang

Rakus, Krzysztof

Wangkahart, Eakapol

Frontiers in Immunology

English

Chou Min Chong

Po-Tsang Lee

Krzysztof Rakus

Eakapol Wangkahart

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Editorial: The epidemiologic triads in aquaculture: host, pathogen and environment

Jagiellonian Univeristy Repository

Frontiers in ImmunologyOPEN ACCESSEDITED AND REVIEWED BYAntonio Figueras,Spanish National Research Council (CSIC),Spain*CORRESPONDENCEEakapol Wangkaharteakapol.w@msu.ac.thRECEIVED 02 October 2023ACCEPTED 31 October 2023PUBLISHED 09 November 2023CITATIONChong CM, Lee P-T, Rakus K andWangkahart E (2023) Editorial: Theepidemiologic triads in aquaculture:host, pathogen and environment.Front. Immunol. 14:1305784.doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305784COPYRIGHT© 2023 Chong, Lee, Rakus and Wangkahart.This is an open-access article distributedunder the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution License (CC BY). The use,distribution or reproduction in otherforums is permitted, provided the originalauthor(s) and the copyright owner(s) arecredited and that the original publication inthis journal is cited, in accordance withaccepted academic practice. No use,distribution or reproduction is permittedwhich does not comply with these terms.TYPE EditorialPUBLISHED 09 November 2023DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305784Editorial: The epidemiologictriads in aquaculture: host,pathogen and environmentChou Min Chong1, Po-Tsang Lee2, Krzysztof Rakus3and Eakapol Wangkahart4*1Laboratory of Sustainable Aquaculture (AquaLab), International Institute of Aquaculture and AquaticSciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, 2Departmentof Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan, 3Department of EvolutionaryImmunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, JagiellonianUniversity, Krakow, Poland, 4Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Nutrigenomics, Applied Animal andAquatic Sciences Research Unit, Division of Fisheries, Faculty of Technology, MahasarakhamUniversity, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham, ThailandKEYWORDShost, pathogen, environment, dynamic interplay, fish immunityEditorial on the Research TopicThe epidemiologic triads in aquaculture: host, pathogen and environmentThe intricate interplay among hosts, pathogens, and environmental variables is pivotalin the realm of aquatic health, orchestrating the physiological and immunologicalresponses of aquatic species and directing the outcomes of infectious diseases. Thismultifaceted relationship is characterized by perpetual adaptations of both hosts andpathogens, each striving to outmaneuver the other, with environmental conditions addingan additional layer of complexity. The host, in its pursuit to maintain physiologicalequilibrium, optimizes immune responses to fend off pathogens effectively while avoidingdamage induced by the overexpression of inflammatory genes. In contrast, pathogensengineer sophisticated strategies to infiltrate and bypass host defenses, manipulating hostimmune responses to establish infection.In this dynamic ecosystem, hosts evolve to counter pathogens, modulating responses tomaintain equilibrium and avoid overreaction. Achieving this equilibrium is essential tocounter pathogens without overwhelming the host or inducing harm. This delicate balanceis exemplified by studies conducted by Xie et al. and Zhao et al., focusing on goldenpompano (Trachinotus ovatus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), respectively. Xie et al. exploredthe expression of the Double Ig Interleukin-1 Receptor-Related Molecule (DIGIRR) ingolden pompano, which shares homology with the mammalian Single Immunoglobulin(Ig) Interleukin-1 Receptor-Related Molecule (SIGIRR). DIGIRR has relatively highexpression in the intestine, liver, head kidney (HK), and spleen, and relatively lowexpression in the heart and muscle, indicating its foundational role in maintainingphysiological stability. However, the introduction of pathogens induces specificalterations in DIGIRR expressions, tailored to the nature of the encountered pathogen.These alterations are crucial in preventing excessive inflammation, highlighting theadaptability of the immune system and the pivotal role of DIGIRR in modulatinginflammatory responses and maintaining physiological equilibrium in the host.frontiersin.org01Chong et al. 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305784Zhao et al. elucidated the role of PLAAT1, a phospholipase A1/2belonging to the phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLAAT) family,revealing how pathogens, such as viruses, utilize strategies to evadehost immune responses. Maintaining a balanced IFN response isessential during and after viral clearance to avoid excessive damageto the host. Zhao et al. disclosed that PLAAT1 interacts with IRF3and IRF7, initiating their degradation and mitigating IFNexpression. This negative regulation of IFN response is crucial foroptimizing the host’s immune response and restoring homeostasis.Host-pathogen interactions are not unidirectional, as revealed byZhang et al., who illuminated the strategies employed by pathogensto actively counter host immune responses, highlighting thebidirectional adaptability inherent in these interactions. Theirstudy focused on Edwardsiella piscicida-induced enteritis in thebig-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) and identified 15core virulence factors that collaborated to orchestrate theremodeling of intestinal microorganisms and host metabolism,ultimately leading to enteritis. These virulence factors playedcrucial roles in facilitating the pathogen's evasion of host defensesby enhancing its motility, adherence, and intracellular survival,while also aiding in the evasion of phagocytosis. This researchemphasizes the dynamic and evolving nature of host-pathogeninteract ions , where both s ides cont inual ly adapt tomaintain equilibrium.Environmental factors significantly influence the immuneprofiles of aquatic species, shaping their responses to diversechallenges. Studies conducted by Kato et al., Pan et al., and Sunet al. provide valuable insights into this phenomenon. Kato et al.examined the impact of water temperature, specifically at 22°Ccompared to 12°C, on ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), revealing asubstantial effect on the expression of proinflammatory genes,including IL-1b and IL-8. Elevated temperatures were found toupregulate these genes, influencing the fish’s susceptibility todisease. Similarly, Pan et al. investigated the effects of varyingenvironmental pH levels, focusing on the acidity of the water (pH5, 6, and 7), on Oreochromis niloticus. Remarkably, changes in pHinduced the expression of pivotal proinflammatory genes such asTNF-a, IL-1b, IL-8, and IL-12 over a two-week period. Sun et al.further elucidated the role of temperature in the immune responseand disease susceptibility offlounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) duringEdwardsiella tarda infection, revealing that higher temperaturesexacerbate the bacterial load in the spleen, thereby influencing theability of flounder to combat bacterial infection. These findingscollectively underscore the adaptability of aquatic species inresponding to environmental cues and alterations, revealing aconsistent trend in the upregulation of proinflammatory genesacross different environmental stressors.The epidemiologic triads, consisting of host, pathogen, andenvironment, exert a profound influence on health measures, asdemonstrated by the studies of Kato et al. and Sun et al. Kato et al.observed that the relative percent survival of vaccinated fish rearedat higher temperatures (15°C and 22°C) was lower than those rearedat 12°C when challenged with Flavobacterium psychrophilum,highlighting the impact of temperature on vaccinationeffectiveness. Sun et al. provided additional insights into the roleFrontiers in Immunology 02of temperature in E. tarda infection in flounder, demonstrating thattemperature significantly influences the ability of flounder to blockbacterial infection, with a comparative metabolomic analysisrevealing distinct metabolite responses to infection under differenttemperature conditions. They identified specific MetaboliteMarkers of Temperature Effect (MMTEs), which are significantlydifferential metabolites (SDMs) reflecting the metabolic alterationsdue to infection and temperature, categorized into variousmetabolic pathways like Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis andPhenylalanine metabolism. The supplementation of selectedMMTEs significantly modulates pro-inflammatory geneexpression and influences infection dynamics, thereby improvingthe survival of flounder during E. tarda infection. This underscoresthe importance of a comprehensive approach in aquatic healthmanagement, incorporating all elements of the epidemiologictriads, to enhance the resilience of aquatic species in the face ofevolving health challenges, and it emphasizes the potential ofmetabolic interventions in managing disease and improvingsurvival rates in aquatic species.The dynamic interrelations between hosts, pathogens, and theenvironment form a complex nexus that significantly impacts thehealth and resilience of aquatic species. A comprehensive approach isnecessitated in aquatic health management, incorporating all elementsof the epidemiologic triads, to enhance the resilience of aquatic speciesin the face of evolving health challenges. Future research andinterventions in this field should continue to explore the multifacetedinteractions between host, pathogen, and environment, aiming todevelop tailored strategies and solutions to address the unique needsand challenges of different aquatic species and ecosystems.Author contributionsCC: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. PL:Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. KR: Writing –original draft, Writing – review & editing. EW: Writing – originaldraft, Writing – review & editing.FundingThe author(s) declare financial support was received for theresearch, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This workwas financially supported by The Office of the Permanent Secretaryof the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research andInnovation (Grant No. Re-03/2566) to EW, and Ministry ofScience and Technology (MOST), Taiwan (MOST 110-2313-B-019-010-MY3) to PL.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that the research was conducted in theabsence of any commercial or financial relationships that could beconstrued as a potential conflict of interest.frontiersin.orgChong et al. 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305784Publisher’s noteAll claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authorsand do not necessarily represent those of their affiliatedFrontiers in Immunology 03organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and thereviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, orclaim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed orendorsed by the publisher.frontiersin.org

Editorial : the epidemiologic triads in aquaculture: host, pathogen and environment

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Editorial : the epidemiologic triads in aquaculture: host, pathogen and environment

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