Environmental concerns of the State of Vermont currently being stressed include water quality in Lake Champlain and a state-wide land use and capability plan. Significant results obtained from ERTS-1 relate directly to the above concerns. Industrial water pollution and turbidity in Lake Champlain have been identified and mapped and the ERTS pollution data will be used in the developing court suit which Vermont has initiated against the polluters. ERTS imagery has also provided a foundation for updating and revising land use inventories. Major classes of land use have been identified and mapped, and substantial progress has been made toward the mapping of such land use divisions as crop and forest type, and wetlands

Henson, E. B.

Lind, A. O.

Pelton, J. O.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

Paper E 11 
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF ERTS-1 IMAGERY: LAKE CHAMPLAIN 
4ND VERMONT 
Aulis 0. Lind, E. Bennette Henson and James Pelton, University of Vermont, 
Burlington, Vermont 
ABSTRACT 
Environmental  conce rns  of  t h e  S t a t e  o f  Vermont 
c u r r e n t l y  be inq  s t r e s s e d  i n c l u d e  wa te r  q u ? l i t y  i n  
Lake C h a r n ~ l a i n  and a  s t a t e - w i d e  l a n d  u s e  ar,d caoab i -  
l i t y  n l a n .  S i ~ n i f i c a n t  r e s u l t s  o b t a i n e d  from ERTS-1 
r e l a t e  d i r e c t l y  t o  t h e  above conce rns .  I n d u s t r i a l  
wa te r  ~ o l l u t i o n  and turbidity i n  Lake Channlain 
have been i d e n t i f i e d  and m a p ~ e d  and t h e  ERTS ~ o l l u -  
t i o n  d a t a  w i l l  be used i n  t h e  deve lop inq  c o u r t  s u i t  
which Vermont has  i n i t i a t e d  a g a i n s t  t h e  ~ o l l u t e r s .  
ERTS imagery h a s  a l s o  ~ r a v l d e d  a  fo i lnda t ion  f o r  
u p d a t i n g  and r e v i s l n q  l a n d  u s e  i n v e n t o r i e s  which 
w i l l  be n e c e s s a r y  f o r  meet in^ some o f  t h e  i n f o r -  
m a t i o n a l  needs  o f  t h e  Land Use and Land C a ~ a b i l i t y  
Act (Act 250 )  now i n  t h e  b r o c e s s  o f  legislative 
a c t i o n  a t  t h e  s t a t e  l e v e l .  Major c l a s s e s  of  l a n d  
u s e  have been i d e n t i f i e d  and mapped, and s u b s t a n t i a l  
D r o r r e s s  has  been made toward t h e  mapping o f  such  
l a n d  u s e  d i v i s i o n s  a s  c r o p  and f o r e s t  t y p e ,  2nd 
we t l ands .  
I. INTRODUCTION 
Among t h e  env i ronmen ta l  i s s u e s  c u r r e n t l y  i n  t h e  p u b l i c  
s p o t l i g h t  I n  Vermont, two s t a n d  o u t  as p a r t i c u l a r l y  impor- 
t a n t  because  t h e y  I n v o l v e  p r e c e d e n t  s e t t i n a . r e s o u r c e  manaqe- 
ment a c t i o n s  a t  t h e  s t a t e  l e v e l .  These i s s u e s  c o n z e r r ~  
a )  wa te r  quallty i n  Lake Champlain, and b )  l a n d  u s e  manage- 
ment. T h i s  p a p e r  w i l l  a t t e m p t  t o  a d d r e s s  t h e s e  e n v i r o r m e n t a l  
conce rns  i n  t e r m s  o f  some o f  t h e  s i q n i f i c a n t  r e s u l t s  o b t a i n e d  
from ERTS-1 d a t a  a n a l y s i s  a t  t h e  U n i v e r s i t y  o t  Vermont. 
The s p e c i f i c  s l g n l f i c a n t  r e s u l t s  forming  t h e  f o c u s  o f  t h i s  
pape r  I n c l u d e :  a )  d e t e c t i o n  and m o n l t o r i n q  o f  i n d u s t r i a l  
wa te r  p s l l u t l o n ,  b )  l a k e  t u r b i d i t y  p a t t e r n s ,  and c )  l a n d  
u s e .  The g e n e r a l  s t u d y  a r e a  f o r  which s i g n i f i c a n t  r e s u l t s  
"3 o f i ~ h l  mwraphy my b t ~  p ~ r ~ h a a  fmmi 
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have been ob ta ined  r e l a t i r ? ~ ,  t o  t h e  ?a.jor env i ronnen ta l  
concerns above i s  covered by a  s i r g l e  ERTS scene whlch 
c e n t e r s  approximately on Lake Champlain (F igure  1) .  
F igure  1. T h i s  RBV 2 r e n d i t i o n  o f  t h e  
g e n e r a l  s tudy a r e a  ( J u l y  29)  shows t h e  
Lake Champlain t o w l ~ n d  a s  t h e  c l c u d  f r e e  
a r e a  around t h s  l a k e .  The t u r b i d ,  sou the rn  
arm of  Lake Chamblain can a l a o  be d ig -  
cerned. 
Both RBV and MSS data were a v a i l a b l e  and t h e  range  o f  
seasona l  coverage extends  from l a t e  summer t o  midwinter ,  
I n  s p i t e  o f  above normal c l o u d i n e s s  f o r  t h e  f i n a l  q u a r t e r  
of  1 9 7 2 ,  about one- th i rd  of  a l l  ERTS scenes  f o r  t h i s  pe r fod  
were l a r g e l y  cloud f r e e .  
11. WATER POLLUTION 
Ya jo r  s o u r c e s  o f  i n d u s t r i a l  o o l l u t i o n  a r e  found on 
t h e  'Jew York s i d e  o f  Lake C h a r n ~ l a l n  w i t h  ma.lor i m ~ o r t a n t  
c e n t e r s  o r  a c t i v i t y  a t  F o r t  T i conde roea  and a l o n ~  t h e  
Saranac  R i v e r  n e a r  P l a t t s b u r ~ h .  The b u l k  o f  t h e  i n d u s t r l a l  
o o l l u t a n t s  b e l n ~  d i s c h a r ~ c d  f n t o  t h e  l a k e  stem main ly  
from nane r  m a n u f a c t u r i n ~  a ~ e r a t i o n s .  
A major  ~ o l i u t i o n  ~ l u m e  from t h e  new I n t e r n a t i o n a l  
P a ~ e r  Connanv m i l l  j u s t  n o r t h  of  F o r t  T i C o n d e r ~ ~ a  was 
d e t e c t e d  I n  t h e  October  1 0 t h  YSS scene .  The ~ l u m e  i s  
b e s t  s een  on bands f o u r  and f i v e  ( .5-.6 and .6-.7 
micrometers), lmaqe number 15115. The plume a n p e a r s  
a s  a  d a r k e r  t o n e  i n  t h e  c o n t e x t  o f  t h e  l i q h t - t o n e d  t u r b i d  
water  o f  t h l s  p o r t i o n  o f  t h e  l a k e .  F i ~ u r e  2 shows t h e  
o l u a e  a s  r ende red  by t h e  b e t t e r  c o n t r a s t  ~ r o v l d e d  I n  MSS 
band f o u r .  
The  att tern o f  t h e  plume Is c o n t r o l l e d  t o  some 
d e ~ r e e  J y  a  l a k e  bot tom d i f f u s e r  p i p e  which e x t e n d s  from 
t h e  t r e i t m e n t  p l a n t  I n  a  n o r t h e a s t e r l y  d i r e c t i o n  n e a r l y  
t o  t h e  Vermont b o r d e r .  T h i s  p i p e  d i s t r i b u t e s  t h e  w a t e r  
from a e - a t i o n  l a g o m s  which r e c e i v e  t h e  waste D F O ~ U C ~ S  
o f  pape r  d i g e s t i o n .  The l agoons  be3an d i s c h a r q l n q  I n  
March o f  1971  a t  a r a t e  o f  a p p r o x i m a t e l y  21 n i l l i o n  g a l l o n s  
p e r  day. Most o f  t h e  s e t t l e a b l e  s o l i d e s  are removed i n  
t h s  t r e a t m e n t  p r o c e s s ,  bu t  t h e  waste water Is t u r b i d  w i t h  
suspended s o l i d s .  The was t e  wa te r  Is h i q h  i n  sodium, 
c o n d l i c t l v i t y  and oxygen demand, and v e r y  h i g h  I n  phos- 
o h a t e s .  Th? obse rved  c o l o r  o f  t h e  w a t e r  Is a humlc, 
d a r k  reddish-brown.  
The S t a t e  o f  Vermont h a s  t a k e n  l e g a l  a c t i o n  a g a i n s t  
t h e  pape r  comDany and t h e  S t a t e  of+ New York a l l e g i n g  
t h a t  t h e  new p l a n t  Is r e d u c l n q  t h e  w a t e r  q u a l i t y  o f  t h e  
l e l t e  below Vermont s t a : ?da rds  , a n d .  t h a t  t h l s  p o l l u t e d  
wa te r  does  c r o s s  o v e r  t h e  s t a t e  boundry I n t o  Vermont. 
F i e l d  o b s e r v a t i o n s ,  i n  which t h e  plume can  be  q e n e r a l l ~  
d e f i n e d  by p h y s i c a l  and chemica l  ~ a r a m e t c r s  i n d i c a t t  t h e  
d i s c h a r q e  w a t e r  does  c r o s s  o v e r  i n t o  Vermont ( s e e  
F i q u r e  3 ) .  The ERTS-I imagery d e p i c t s  t h i s  w i t h  e x a c t i -  
t u d e ,  and s u p p o r t s  t h e  qround o b s e r v a t i o n s .  The h i q h  
Dhosphate c o n c e n t r a t i o n s  I n  t h e  d i s c h a r g e  7lume p r o v i d e  
s u f f i c i e n t  n u t r i e n t s  t o  s t i m u l a t e  a l g a l  blooms which con- 
t r i b u t e  t o  t h e  e u t r o p h i c a t i o n  o f  t h i s  p a r t  o f  the  lake. 
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111. TURRIDITY 
I t  i s  w e l l  documented t h a t  t h e  w a t e r  i n  t h e  s o u t h e r n  
end of  t h e  l a k e  i s  much more t u r b i d  t h a n  t h e  main l a k e ,  
and t h i s  f a c t  i s  r e a d i l y  s e e n  on ERTS Imayery show in^ 
t h e  l a k e  ( s e e  P i q u r e  1 ) .  Transparency  a s  measured with 
t h e  Secch i  d i s c  i s  f o u r  t o  s i x  m e t e r s  I n  t h e  main Lake, 
bu t  i s  l e s s  t h a n  one me te r  i n  t h e  s o u t h e r n  end .  These 
c o n t r a s t s  a r e  q d i t e  a ~ p a r e n t  where t h e  two wa te r  masses 
meet i n  t h e  v l c i n i t y  of Chimney P o i n t ,  Vermont, and Por t  
Henry, New York ( s e e  P i a u r e  4 and 5 ) .  A t u r b i d i t y  
boundary mag be i d e n t i f i e d  f r ~ m  ERTS imagery and f l u c t u a -  
t i o n s  i n  t h i s  boundary have been observed  from two s e p e r a t e  
s a t e l l i t e  coveraEes .  
A ~ a r t i c u l a r l y  prominent  ex tegs j .on  o f  t u r b i d  w a t e r  
e n t e r i n g  t h e  main body o f  t h e  l a k e  was obse rved  i n  t h e  
October  10 MSS scene  (Bands f o u r  and f i v e ) .  The ERTS 
imaqe shows t h a t  t h i s  t u r b i d  olume moves w e s t e r l y  t o  t h e  
wes t e rn  sho re  o f  t h e  l a k e  where i t  t h e n  f o l l o w s  t h e  s h o r e  
towards  t h e  n o r t h .  The t u r b i d  wa te r  t h e n  c u r l s  back 
toward t h e  e a s t  u n t i l  it can  no l o n g e r  be d e t e c t e d .  
T h i s  i n d i c a t e s  t h a t  t h e  t u r b i d ,  south-end w a t e r  becomes 
p a r t  o f  a l a r g e  c lockwise  c i r c u l a t i o n  b a t t e r n  which domi- 
n a t e s  t h e  s o u t h e r n  end o f  t h e  main l a k e  body. The above 
p a t t e r n  was a s s o c i a t e d  w i t h  s o u t h e a s t e r l y  winds which 
s h i f t e d  from t h e  southwes t  about  one-ha l f  hour  b e f o r e  t h e  
images were g e n e r a t e d .  The t u r b i d i t y  b a t t e r n s  i n  t h i s  
r e q i o n  o f  t h e  l a k e  w i l l  b e a r  w a t c h i ? ~  and a l t h o u g h  f u r -  
t h e r  s tudy  w i l l  b e  r e q u i r e d  t o  e s t a b l i s h  a t u r b i d i t y  
b a t t e r n  model,  it i s  s i q n i f i c a n t  t h a t  a t  t h i s  t i m e  t u r -  
b i d i t y  p a t t e r n s  can  be obse rved  and manbed u s i n q  ERTS 
d a t a .  
I V .  LAND USE 
A second ma,jor env i ronmen ta l  concern  i n  Vermont 
focuses  on l a n d  u s e  and t h e  development and implementa- 
t i o n  o f  s t a t e -wide  l a n d  u s e  r e q u l a t i o n s .  A l a n d  u s e  
i n v e n t o r y  o f  Vemont  was conducted  based  on  c o n v e n t i o n a l  
a e r i a l  ~ h o t o g r a p h y  d a t l n q  from t h e  e a r l y  t o  l a t e  1 9 6 0 t s ,  
and i t  i s  t h i s  l n f o r n a t i o n  which i s  b e i n g  used  t o  s u p p o r t  
t h e  Land Use and Land C a ~ a b i l i t y  P l a n  c ~ r r e n t l y  under  
l e g i s l a t i v e  r ev i ew i n  Vermont, T h i s  l e q l s l a t i o n ,  known 
a s  Act 250, p roposes  t o  e s t a b l i s h  d e f i n i t e  l a n d  u s e  
q u i d e l i n e s  and r e g u l a t i o n s  and i s  i n  i t s e l f  c o n s i d e r e d  
a  model n i e c e  o f  l e ~ i s l a t i o n  c o n c e ~ n l n r  l a n d  u s e  con- 
t r o l  a t  t h e  s t a t e  l e v e l .  Increas inp ,  n r e s s u r e  f o r  l a n d  
development and c o n v e r s i o n  o f  r u r a l  1:o urban  l a n d  u s e s  
a r e  changing  l a n d  u s e  p a t t e r n s  3t a  r3Did r a t e ,  and 
t h e r e f o r e ,  it becomes n e c e s s a r y  t o  u n d a t e  t h e  l a n d  use  
i n v e n t o r y .  
Major l a n d  u s e  c a t e q o r i e s  have been S d e n t i f l ~ d  
and mapped I n  s e v e r a l  subs tudy  a r e a s  s e l e c t e d  a s  
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e  o f  Vermont l a n d  u s e  p a t t e r n s .  Tvo 
s t r i c t l y  r u r a l  a r e a s ,  one u rban  a r e a ,  and a m o ~ ? t a l n o u s ,  
f o r e s t e d  a r e a  s e r v e d  a s  a  b a s i s  f o r  l a n d  u s e  s t u d l e s  
u s i n g  ERTS d a t a .  A l l  bu t  t h e  l a s t  a r e a  hsve been com- 
p l e t e l y  mapped a t  t h e  h i g h e s t  c l a s s t f i c a t i o n  l e v e l  and 
Drogress  i s  b e i n f  made toward m a ~ p i n g  a t  lower  c l a s s i -  
f i c a t i o n  1 e v e l s . I  Because o f  t h e  natchwork n a t u r e  of  
l a n d  u s e   att terns and t h e  s m a l l  u n i t  s i z e s  o f  such 
F e a t u r e s  as c r o p l a n d ,  c o n s i d e r a b l e  s cene  en largement  
coupled  w i t h  a d d i t i v e  c o l o r  enhancements were found t o  
be n e c e s s a r y  I n g r e d i e n t s  o f  t h e  a n a l y s i s  ~ r o c e d u r e .  
Urban and b u i l t - u p  l a n d  i s  c n e  o f  t h e  major  c a t e -  
q o r l e s  t h a t  can  be m a p ~ e d  from ERTS image1yd3wn t o  a  s c a l e  
o f  o n e  i n c h  e q u a l s  one m i l e .  The R u r l l n e t o n  t e s t  a r e a  
p r o v i d e s  t h e  b e s t  t e s t i n g  ground f o r  such  mapping s i n c e  
it c o n s t i t u t e s  t h e  l a r c s s t  u rban  a r e a  i n  t h e  s t a t e .  The 
map o f  u r b a n  and b u i l t - u p  l a n d  ( F i g u r e  6 )  was made from 
a n  e n l a r g e d ,  c o l o r  composi te  s c e n e  from RRV d a t a  (Rands 
one t o  t h r e e ,  J u l y  29)  a s  g e n e r a t e d  bv a m u l t i s ~ e c t r a l  
v iewer .  I n  a d d t i o n  t o  t h e  s imp le  s e ~ a r a t i o n  o f  u rban  
o r  b u i l t - u p  v s .  r u r a l  l a n d  u s e ,  I t  was h l s o  ~ o s s i b l e  t o  
map l a n d  u s e  " I n t e n s i t i e s "  a t  a lower  c l a s s i f i c a t i o n  
l e v e l .  A f i r s t - l o o k  a n a l y s i s  o f  t h e  f i r s t  Vermont 
w i n t e r  s c e n e  ( 8  J a n u a r y )  I n d i c a t e s  t h a t  t h e  h e s t  s u b j e c t /  
background c o n t r a s t  o c c u r s  i n  w i n t e r  w i t h  t h i n  snow 
c o v e r ,  and it a p p e a r s  t h a t  t h i s  imagery w i l l  a l l o w  f o r  
f i n e r  d e f i n i t i o n  o f  small b u i l t - u p  a r e a s  i n c l u d i n g  f u r t h e r  
s u b d i v i s i o n  o f  major  b u i l t - u p  a r e a s .  
The r u r a l  s cene  i n  Vermont i n c l u d e s  a  mosaic  o f  
c r o p l a n d ,  p a s t u r e  l a n d ,  o r c h a r d s ,  f o r e s t s ,  w e t l a n d s ,  and 
many s t r e a m s  a n d l a k e s .  I n  t h e  a q r i c u l t u r a l  a r e a s ,  sepa-  
r a t i o n  o f  f o r e s t  t r a c t s  from g e n e r a l  a g r i c u l t u r a l  l a n d  
on ERTS imagery may be accompl ished  from summer o r  
autumn imagery ,  however s l i g h t l y  b e t t e r  c o n t r a s t  i s  pro-  
v i d e d  i n  autumn ERTS cove rage ,  and a f i :  s t - l ook  a t  t h e  
l ~ h e  c l a s s i f l c a t l o n  employed h e r e  Is based  on:  
Anderson, James; Hardy, E r n e s t  E . ;  and Roach, John  1972. 
A Land Use C l a s s i f i c a t i o n  f o r  Use With Remote S e n s o r  Da ta ,  
U .  S. Ge010~1~a l  Survey C i r c u l a r  671 ,  1 6  pp. 
Figure 6 .  Land use ,  
Burlington test s i t e .  
W O ( D L A * O (  W I L A * O  L mITm 
I - *."L .m*, I - I"" 
2 - mm*u w u n  ,, , I - ***r 
. 
W L I  1. .%I. 
Figure 8, Land uae 
Cedar Swamp teat  a i t e .  
Addition of corn and 
fodder cropland was p o ~ s i b l e  
through use of autumn aeason 
coverage, 
Figure 7 ,  
North Hero 
Land 
test 
use, 
s i t e .  
w i n t e r  scenes  j u s t  made a v a i l a b l e  a l lows  f o r  very 
c l e a r  c i e f l n i t i o n  o r  a l l  woodland t :  a c t s .  'dooded wet- 
l a n d s  mag be d i f f e r e n t i a t e d  on autumn c o v e r a m ,  and 
woodland/scrub u n i t s  seem t o  be a d d i t l o n a l  u n i t s  fo? 
recognition a n d  mapping from w i n t e r  scenes .  
P r e s e n t l y ,  i t  has  not been p o s s i b l e  t o  r ecoqn ize  
o rchards  s i n c e  i n  t h e  a v a i l a b l e  imaqery they  a r e  ren-  
dered  i n  t h e  same t o n e / p a t t e r n  a s  p a s t u r e s .  However, 
i t  i s  l i k e l y  t h a t  a d d i t i o n a l  s e a s o n a l  cover?.Te may b e a r  
t h i s  ca tegory  ou t  i n  much t h e  same manner a s  f o r  example 
co rn  f i e l d s  have been i d e n t i f i e d  by a  unique t o n e  Dro- 
duced i n  autumn imaqery. Land use  mans qenera ted  f o r  t h e  
two r u r a l  t e s t  a r e a s  ( F i g u r e s  7 a.1d 8) a r e  somewhat 
incomplete  I n  t h a t  t h e  : r o ~ l a n d / p a s t u r e  land d i s t i n c t i o n  
has  not  ye t  been f u l l y  made, It i s  expected t h a t  
aeasona l  coverage w i l l  reduce  t h e  omisaion e r r o r  a s  
t h e  autumn coverage d l d  w i t h  r e s p e c t  t o  t h e  summer 
coverage i n  t h e  example o f  co rn  above. The autumn 
coverage a l s o  al lowed f o r  t h e  i d e n t l f i c a t l o n  o f  f i e l d a  
used f o r  fodder  c r o p s ,  
A comparison o f  a t e s t  a i t e  map ~ e n e r a t e d  from 
ERTS d a t a  w i t h  a  p r e - e x i s t i n g  map o f  l and  use  showed t h a t  
changes had occur red  where woodland a r e a s  had i n c r e a s e d  
a t  t h e  expenffe o f  cropland o r  p a s t u r e  l a n d .  The d e t a i l  
i n  t h e  e n l a r ~ e d  ERTS images was sufficient t o  a l l o w  f o r  
o o r r e c t i o n s  i n  t h e  l a n d  use  in fo rmat ion  a t  s t a t e  ].and 
use  mapping s c a l e s .  The  round checks confirmed t h e s e  
observed changes. 
V. SUMMARY 
ERTS-1 has  provided botii t i m e l y  and s i g n i f i c a n t  
environmental  in fo rmat ion  f o r  t h e  two major ~ t a t e  con- 
c e r n s  r e g a r d i n g  wa te r  q u a l i t y  i n  Lake Champlain and l and  
use .  A major paper  m i l l  d i s c h a r g e  plume has  been iden-  
t i f i e d  and t h i a  has  become p a r t  o f  a  p receden t  s e t t i n g  
c o u r t  s u i t  Invo lv ing  t h e  S t a t e s  of Vemnont and New York, 
A major l a k e  t u r b i d i t y  bounCary ha8 been i d e n t i f i e d  
and moni tored ,  and t h e  l and  u s e  d a t a  c a p a b i l i t i e s  o f  
ERTS a r e  s u b s t a n t i a l  t o  t h e  e x t e n t  t h a t  p r e - e x i s t i n g  
maps can be c o r r e c t e d .  


Environmental study of ERTS-1 imagery: Lake Champlain and Vermont

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