Yusenko, A.

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554  ном числе (57%), частицы с семантикой предположения и частицы с семантикой ограничения при-знака (19%), глаголы и модальные глаголы с семантикой желания и возможности осуществления действия в будущем, выступающие в роли сказуемых. Исходя из исследования, можно сделать вывод, что средства снижения категоричности выска-зывания довольно часто используются в китайском дискурсе. Это отражает менталитет китайского народа, основными чертами которого являются взаимоуважение, вежливость и почтительность.  Список использованных источников 1. Малышкин, К. Ю. К вопросу о взаимосвязи вежливости и категоричности / К. Ю. Малышкин // Вестник Омского государственного педагогического университета. Гуманитарные исследования. Науч-ный журнал / К. Ю. Малышкин. – 2013. – № 1. – С. 85-87. 2. Ожегов, С. И. Толковый словарь русского языка: 80 000 слов и фразеологических выражений / С. И. Ожегов, Н. Ю. Шведова. – М.: АЗЪ, 1997. – 944 с. 3. CALDT – Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press [Элек-тронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british. – Дата доступа: 28.03.2023.  UDC 811 LINGUISTIC-CULTURAL CHRACTERISTICS  OF THE FUNCTIONING OF EVERYDAY ENGLISH  A. Yusenko, XI "V" form N. Bolinova, teacher of English State Establishment of Education "Pinsk Secondary School No. 10"  Learning foreign languages is quite popular in the modern world. This is not only due to the develop-ment of various kinds of relations: trade, economic, cultural - but as many experts say, it is useful for hu-man health.  You can pay attention to the fact that the lexical composition of English is quite diverse and heteroge-neous. Both the spelling of words and their pronunciation, the plural and singular of many words, as well as the scope of their use cause difficulties. Learning English is useful to resort to history and those events that can shed light on many structural-semantic and linguistic-cultural characteristics of the functioning of the everyday vocabulary of the English language. The hypothesis: knowledge of the semantic characteristics of certain words, the history of their origin in the language motivate to learn a foreign language.  The interest on this topic is not accidental, learning of English words and expressions cannot be ex-plained without delving into the structure and history of these words. The object of the research is the most frequent structural and semantic characteristics of the function-ing of everyday English. The subject of the research is the cultural and historical events of the past, which were the reason for the emergence and use of lexical units in English throughout its development.  The aim is to study the historical backgrounds that contribute to the emergence of lexical units that are different in their structure.  Working on the topic, the following tasks were set: 1) to study the material relating to the historical development of the English language; 2) to highlight the most frequent structural and semantic features inherent in the lexical composition of English; 3) to increase interest of learning a foreign language; 4) to accept learning as a part of personal development.  The following methods are used: theoretical method, descriptive method, comparative method. The English language has come a long way in its development. Its changes were closely related to his-torical events, which significantly influenced both society itself and subsequently transformed the lan-guage itself.  It is widely known that the first inhabitants of the British Isles were the Celts. Mentions of them are subsidized by about 800 years BC. Loanwords from the Celtic language were few and relate mainly to geographical names: Abor (the mouth of the river) is found in the names of cities – Aberdeen; Avon (riv-er) – Stratford-on-Avon, Car (castle) – Cardiff in English. [2, p. 102] 555  The next stage in the development of English was the resettlement of the three tribes of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in 449 to the British Isles. Their dialects became the progenitors of the Anglo-Saxon dialect. Significant parts of speech of Anglo-Saxon origin denote body parts (head, hand,), family mem-bers and immediate family members (father, mother,), natural phenomena and planets (snow, rain, wind), animals (horse, cow), qualities and properties (old, young, white, long), ordinary actions (do, make, go), etc. [3, p. 23] In 44 AD, the British Isles were annexed by the Roman Empire, which was a vast country with a de-veloped culture and technology that surpassed those used by the Jutes, Angles and Saxons. The official language of the Roman Empire was Latin. At this time, the English language is enriched with words asso-ciated with Christianity: schola, episcopus, mount. [3, p.33] Many words borrowed from the Romans re-mained in the names of military fortifications and roads. These are words such as street – a paved road, port, wall, mile, etc. The element – chester – a fortified structure, preserved in the names of cities - Man-chester, Dorchester.  A new period began in 793, which entailed the further development of English - this is the conquest of Anglo-Saxon lands by the Danes. For a large number of years, the Danes lived on British lands, assimi-lated with the local population, the Anglo-Saxons. The result of living together was multiple borrowings in English, for example, amiss, anger, auk, awe, axle, aye "always". [3, p. 33] By the middle of the eleventh century, the inhabitants of northern France had conquered Britain. The Normans, who came to rule at this time, used only French. Borrowings from French have a wide layer. Among the loanwords, there are words denoting: feudal ideology (command); the title names are prince, duke and the addresses sir and madam; state and public administration (state); monetary relations (money, property); family relations (parent, cousin); war, and military terms (army); rank names (chevalier); words for pleasure (leisure); legal terms (accuse); numerous common, everyday words (face); food (pork, beef);  integer expressions (vice versa); letter abbreviations (i.e. — that is, e.g. — for example, viz. — namely, am — in the morning, pm — in the evening). [1, p. 163] During the Middle English period, serious changes in the grammatical structure and in the phonetics of the language. During this period, approximately 90% of native speakers use the London dialect as a means of communication. [3, p. 34] The New England period is a renaissance of culture and language both. This period starts around 1500 and continues to this day. The vocabulary of modern English is based on Celtic, Germanic, Scandinavian, Romance composition. [4] Modern English consists of many dialects, for example, the London dialect of British English, Austral-ian English, Canadian English and many other dialects. In many provinces of Britain itself, different dia-lects of English are used. [5] As noted earlier English was in long and close contact with other languages for 15 centuries. History not only influenced society, its development, but English also reflected the changes and events of that time. As noted earlier, all the words, that come into the language and still exist today, are very closely woven with the structure. Everyone knows the word "anecdote", by which we mean "a funny or funny story passed down by word of mouth". The Greek roots of this word: "an" means "not" and "ekdotos" - "for distribution", that is, "not for distribution" and "not for publicity". A "joke" thus is something that isn’t intended for prying ears. The word "Limousine" existed long before the appearance of the first cars. "Limousine" comes from the French word for "cloak". It is possible to assume that the first closed cars, which were previously pro-duced with an open top, caused just such associations with the "cloak". What do know about the famous "Canary Islands"? There is no connection with canaries despite the name and the diversity of birds. The ancient Romans discovered even a large number of huge dogs on the islands, which Pliny mentioned in his writings. The word "dog" in Latin sounds like "canis". The name "Canary Islands" appeared because of this. [3, p. 24] The words considered show that a large number of words carries more information than some facts. We can cite a large number of such words as an example. The days of the week denote the gods and plan-ets. The history of the word is thus very often entertaining and makes you think about events of the past. Knowledge of the origin of the word helps not only to understand its meaning, but also to use it in the language, to combine it in the offer with other parts of speech. Learning the language, we get acquainted 556  not only with the language system, but also learn the culture, the history of the country. This knowledge of the primordial etymology of the word will help us in this. [6] At the moment students have lost interest in studying, comparing and contrasting phenomena and fac-tors, which leads to a decrease in literacy, a deterioration in logical thinking and imagination with the de-velopment of technology and interactive. This work is aimed to increase the level of interest in learning a foreign language not only as a means of communication, but also as a way of knowledge of the surround-ing world through history, culture, and structures.  Only having studied this topic it should be concluded that the vocabulary of the English language is quite diverse. The difficulties caused by words and their derivatives are often underestimated despite the simplicity of grammatical constructions. The study of the history of English sheds light on the emergence of words describing various concepts, objects, phenomena associated with historical events.  List of references 1. Аракин В.Д. История английского языка : учебное пособие. – 2-е изд. – М.: ФИЗМАТЛИТ, 2003. – 272 с. 2. Базанова Е. М. Практикум по лексикологии английского языка [Текст]: учебное пособие / Е. М. База-нова, Н. М. Леонтьева – М.: Ваше цифровое издательство, 2018. – 129 с. 3. Язык и культура стран изучаемого языка : мат-лы студ. Науч.-практ. Конф. – Иркутск : Изд-во ИрГТУ, 2014. – 374 с. 4. История английского языка: от зарождения до наших дней [Электронный ресурс]. – РФ, 2022. – Режим доступа: http://www.native-english.ru/articles/history. – Дата доступа: 28.03.2023.  5. Лексика английского языка [Электронный ресурс]. – РФ, 2022. – Режим доступа: http://online-teacher.ru/study/leksika-anglijskogo-yazyka. – Дата доступа: 28.03.2023. 6. Особенности национального характера, или за что англичане любят очереди [Электронный ресурс]. – РФ, 2022. – Режим доступа: https://www.ukstudycentre.com/matarialy/osobennosti-nacionalnogo-kharaktera/. – Дата доступа: 28.03.2023.   

Linguistic-cultural chracteristics of the functioning of everyday English

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Linguistic-cultural chracteristics of the functioning of everyday English

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