Etnosimbolizmas kaip ankstyvųjų Naujųjų laikų raštijos tyrimo metodologija: teoriniai svarstymai apie XVI a. Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės politijos tapatumą

Abstract

The article aims to present historical ethnosymbolism as a theoretical alternative to the dominant modernist theories of nationalism. While the latter mainly focus on social factors and associate the emergence of nationalism with the industrialization of the 19th century, ethnosymbolists suggest evaluating cultural factors and interpreting the emergence of the modern nation as a chronological, continuous, and gradual process. The emergence of ethnosymbolism in the 1980s can be associated with a broader cultural turn in historiography and history studies: scholars shifted their focus to foundational myths and myths of descent, analyzing symbols that helped establish and cultivate the cultural memory of communities. Ethnosymbolist John Armstrong introduced concepts such as ‘mythomotheur’ and ‘myth-symbol complex,’ while Anthony D. Smith contributed to establishing the category of communal affiliation termed ‘ethnie’ – a culturally coherent political community with a sense of solidarity among the higher strata of society. This community leverages ethnicity in a broader sense, including common history and name, myth of descent, and association with a certain territory, to maintain and strengthen their dominant position and independence. Examples from the literature of the 16th-century Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) suggest that the myth of Roman descent, efforts to turn historical battles with Moscow and Ottomans into an epic, etymologization of Lithuania’s name, importance of the Jagiellonian dynasty, and other symbols helped cultivate historical subjectivity and a sense of identity among the nobility and intellectuals. While these insights should not imply proactive construction of nationhood, as Caspar Hirschi suggests in his study on the contemporary Holy Roman Empire, they indicate that the commonly employed term ‘political nation’ of the GDL can be further refined by reconsidering the contents of ethnicity, primarily dealing with the sense of historical identity and memory. This article argues that such a reading strategy can be used to uncover new layers in Early Modern literary texts, especially those related to cultural memory and political identity.Istorinio etnosimbolizmo metodologinis modelis (angl. framework), atsiradęs XX a. 8-ajame deš., siekė sukurti alternatyvą modernizmui – tuo dominuojančiai nacionalizmo studijų paradigmai. Skirtingai nei modernistai, etnosimbolistai didžiausią dėmesį skyrė ne socioekonominiam tautų raidos kontekstui, bet kultūriniams veiksniams, mitams, istoriškumui, kūrybai – tam, ką plačiąja prasme galima vadinti etniškumu. Straipsnio tikslas – parodyti etnosimbolizmo prieigos taikymo potencialą analizuojant LDK (politinės) tautos tapatumo ir tapsmo klausimus literatūroje bei istoriniuose šaltiniuose. Darbu siekiama a) apžvelgti etnosimbolizmo raidą platesniame nacionalizmo studijų ir istoriografijos raidos kontekste, b) pristatyti pamatines etnosimbolizmo analitines kategorijas bei c) „tautos“ klausimo tyrinėjimus ankstyvųjų Naujųjų laikų Europos ir LDK tyrimuose, d) teorinius svarstymus iliustruoti LDK raštija. Straipsnio įžvalgos leidžia naujai plėtoti etniškumo sampratą LDK kontekste, papildant kalbinį aspektą istorinio sąmoningumo, geocivilizacinio priklausomumo, laiko bei erdvės artikuliacijos ir kt. aspektais, integruojant ir papildant esamą turtingą LDK kultūros istorijos tyrimų tradiciją