The aim of this study is to develop a novel process, differential velocity sideways extrusion (DVSE), for forming curved profiles with fine grains and high strength. In this new forming-bending-refining process, billets are used as the work-piece material to directly form curved profiles with certain cross-sections in order to increase the manufacturing efficiency and decrease the bending defects in conventional bending process. The DVSE process has been studied in this thesis by using forming experiments, microstructure characterisation experiments, finite element (FE) modelling and theoretical modelling.
A tool set enabling sideways extrusion to be performed using opposing punches moving with different velocities was designed and manufactured. Plasticine was used as a model work-piece material and a series of compression tests were undertaken, to determine its constitutive properties and gain an estimate of work-piece die friction for use in process simulation. Feasibility studies for the DVSE process were carried out through a series of designed experimental programmes on plasticine, in which punch/extrusion velocity ratio, extrusion ratio and die land length were process parameters. Ultimately, trial tests using AA1050 at room temperature and AZ31 at elevated temperatures were conducted. Effects of extrusion velocity ratio, extrusion ratio, die land length, forming temperature and strain rate on profile curvature were studied.
The microstructure evolution of the formed curved AA1050 bar by DVSE at room temperature was studied through EBSD. The evolution of grain structure and texture of formed curved AZ31 bars at different DVSE process conditions (temperature and strain rate) was investigated through optical microscopy and EBSD, and the optimum temperature and strain rate condition for obtaining fine equiaxed and homogeneous microstructure was identified. The different grain refinement mechanisms of AA1050 and AZ31 during the DVSE process were revealed. Micro-hardness of formed curved AA1050 and AZ31 bars was examined.
Process mechanics of DVSE were modelled using FE modelling and upper bound theorem. The extent of work-piece flow velocity gradient across the die exit orifice, which causes curvature, was identified. A dead zone of roughly triangular shape, which exists on the chamber wall opposite the die exit orifice, was determined. The effective strain of the formed curved profiles was studied to confirm the rise of severe plastic deformation (SPD). The effective strain rate in the intersection regions of the channels was investigated to identify the source of severe plastic deformation. An analytical upper-bound-based model has been developed with the consideration of the determined dead zone. The extrusion force and curvature predicted by the analytical method agreed reasonably well with results from experiments and FE modelling.
Discussions were made about the correlations between experimental and modelling approaches and results. The relationships between mechanical properties (yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation to failure) and microstructures (grain size, micro-texture) of formed curved profiles were correlated. From the experimental and modelling work, it has been demonstrated that the DVSE process proposed in this thesis is an effective way to efficiently form curved aluminium and magnesium profiles with controlled curvature and improved properties.Open Acces
