Bodaghi, M

Gries, T

Hoa, SV

Le Duigou, A

Tadesse, Y

Yao, L

Zolfagharian, A

Bodaghi, Mahdi

Hoa, Suong Van

Gries, Thomas

Le Duigou, Antoine

Tadesse, Yonas

Yao, Lining

Zolfagharian, Ali

Publikationsserver der RWTH Aachen University

Focus on 4D materials design and additive manufacturing

Nottingham Trent Institutional Repository (IRep)

Smart Materials and StructuresEDITORIAL • OPEN ACCESSFocus on 4D materials design and additivemanufacturingTo cite this article: Mahdi Bodaghi et al 2023 Smart Mater. Struct. 32 110401 View the article online for updates and enhancements.You may also likeCalcium storage in multivesicular endo-lysosomeCameron C Scott, Vaibhav Wasnik, PaulaNunes-Hasler et al.-Counter electrode dependence ofgermanium-sensitized thermal cellsKenta Tamaki and Sachiko MATSUSHITA-Quantum computing for uids: Where do westand?Sauro Succi, W. Itani, Katepalli R.Sreenivasan et al.-This content was downloaded from IP address 178.202.191.152 on 23/10/2023 at 13:52Smart Materials and StructuresSmart Mater. Struct. 32 (2023) 110401 (4pp) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/acfa7cEditorialFocus on 4D materials design andadditive manufacturingMahdi Bodaghi1,∗,Suong Van Hoa2,Thomas Gries3,Antoine Le Duigou4,Yonas Tadesse5, Lining Yao6and Ali Zolfagharian71 Department of Engineering, Schoolof Science and Technology,Nottingham Trent University,Nottingham NG11 8NS, UnitedKingdom2 Concordia Centre for Composites(CONCOM), Department ofMechanical, Industrial and AerospaceEngineering (MIAE), ConcordiaUniversity, Montreal, Canada3 Institut Für Textiltechnik,RWTH Aachen University,Otto-Blumenthal-Straße 1, 52074Aachen, Germany4 Polymer and Composites,Bionic-Group, Université BretagneSud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL,F-56100 Lorient, France5 The Humanoid Biorobotics andSmart Systems (HBS Lab), TheUniversity of Texas at Dallas,Richardson, TX 75080, United Statesof America6 Human-Computer InteractionInstitute, School of Computer Science,Carnegie Mellon University,Pittsburgh, PA 15218, United States ofAmerica7 School of Engineering, DeakinUniversity, Geelong, Victoria 3216,AustraliaE-mail: mahdi.bodaghi@ntu.ac.ukFour-dimensional (4D) printing involves the creation of materials that can changetheir shape, structure, or functionality over time in response to external stimuli.This incredible adaptability opens new possibilities in fields ranging fromrobotics to biomedical applications. This focus issue in Smart Materials andStructures is dedicated to the latest research in the dynamic field of 4D materialsdesign and additive manufacturing. With a rapidly evolving landscape, we aimedto explore various exciting topics that are at the forefront of scientificadvancements. This focus issue shed light on the current industrial applications of4D printing. In fields such as medical, aerospace, automotive, defence, andmechanical engineering, 4D printing has already made significant strides. Fromcustomized implants and prosthetics in healthcare to adaptive structures andcomponents in aerospace and automotive industries, the practical applications of4D printing are diverse and impactful. This focus issue includes nine originalresearch articles jointly made by involvement of more than 30 active academics inthe field from diverse international centres and universities.Zolfagharian et al [1], designed a soft parallel robot electrothermally driven bya linear silicon-based actuator via 4D printing. In their study, they found that theplanar parallel manipulator could be driven by silicon-based soft actuatorsreplacing rigid linear actuators. The study shows a promising strategy for using4D materials in the next generation of additively manufactured (AM) robots. Thisstrategy can improve customizability, flexibility, and manufacturing time andeffort efficiency in different industries that use soft robots.Cheng et al [2] published their work on the quasi-static compression behaviourof 3D-printed continuous ramie fibre reinforced biocomposite corrugatedstructures (CFCSs) with excellent shape memory effects. An analytical modelwas developed to estimate the in-plane compression strength of biocompositesreinforced with continuous ramie fibre and inverted trapezoid cell shapecorrugated structures (CFITCSs), and the results showed excellent agreementwith tests. It was said that as the fibre volume fraction goes up, the CFITCSbecome tougher and easier to shape. The results of the shape recovery tests showthat 3D-printed CFCSs could be an important part of lightweight, programmablesmart systems.Zou et al [3] proposed a model-free, proxy-based, sliding-mode trackingcontrol method to deal with viscoelastic nonlinearity in dielectric elastomeractuators (DEAs) and achieve high-precision tracking control. The experimentalfindings demonstrate that the DEA is able to properly track sinusoidal trajectoriesin the frequency range of 0.1 Hz–4.0 Hz by minimising the influence of intrinsicviscoelastic nonlinearity when using a sliding-mode tracking controller. Whencompared to open loop tracking performance, this is a huge improvement.∗Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to theauthor(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.1361-665X/23/110401+4$33.00 Printed in the UK 1 © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing LtdSmart Mater. Struct. 32 (2023) 110401 EditorialHosseinabadi et al [4] 3D printed Energy-absorbing, shape-recoveringmeta-structures with negative stiffness. The meta-structures were made with a 3Dprinting method called selective laser sintering. Using the snap-through instabilitymechanism, elastoplastic deformation growth, and plastic hinges, differentnegative stiffness structures (NSSs) were made. It was found that all NSSs have ahigh ability to take in and release energy in the first cycle through mechanisms ofplasticity and instability. During further loading and unloading cycles, NSSs showeither super-elastic stability or instability, depending on their geometricalparameters and configurations. They can absorb a lot of energy and return to theiroriginal shape in full or in part. The presented conceptual design and results areexpected to help us learn more about how NSSs work and help us design NSSsthat work well for a variety of applications.Guerra et al [5] demonstrated the applicability of Cu-11Al-5Ni-4Fe wt% forproducing shape memory alloy by additive manufacturing. Compressive stresstesting was performed on the alloy in three different states: as-built (AB), heattreated (AB), and commercial (COM) (cast) (quenched). It has been found that athigh temperatures (350 ◦C), the COM sample damping capacity is improvedowing to the activation of the slip system at low stress (around 600 MPa), leadingto greater deformation energy dissipation. The study sheds light on how certainphases and their spatial distribution may be used to programme the shape memoryfeatures of pseudoelasticity and damping capacity of Cu-11Al-5Ni-4Fe wt%alloy.Zolfagharian et al [6] developed multimaterial 4D printing with a tunablemodel that could be used in soft robotics. The bending of a 4D composite wasregulated by varying the thickness ratio of its two constituent layers, each ofwhich was built from a shape-memory polymer (SMP) and a flexible elastomer.The composite beams were 3D printed using a commercial Stratasys J750 printerand commercial materials Vero-Black (a glassy polymer) and TangoPlus (anelastomer), which were activated by heating at a uniform and consistenttemperature. The flat 2D beams were transformed into a 3D structure using 4Dprinting. Their work also suggests a new way to design products in whichparts are made to be able to change into different shapes in demand while inservice.Ali et al [7], made a 3D-printed filtering medium with programmablegeometric features that changes under in-plane tensile strain and can be used toseparate particles. The linear elastic in-plane tensile strain and the lattice size inthe suggested metamaterial were discovered to have an empirical relation bynumerical analysis. When subjected to a linear strain, the proposed prototype cansort particles between 4 mm and 4.5 mm in size. Their proposed design isscalable, which means it can be used to make a system that can filter particlesfrom the nanoscale to the microscale and the macroscale in a wide range offiltering applications.Alshebly and Nafea [8] looked into how to control the internal strain ofpolylactic acid-based actuators 4D printed by fused deposition modelling (FDM).When printing at the same temperature and layer height, it was discovered thatraising the printing speed increased the internal strain. All the printing parametersand actuation were linked to the bending angle in a prediction model. This modelwas used in an eight-arm gripper and a four-arm gripper to show the efficacy ofproposed method.Samal et al [9] demonstrated two programming options for SMP processed byFDM: programming during printing (PDP) and programming after printing2Smart Mater. Struct. 32 (2023) 110401 Editorial(PAP). Using techniques like x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electronmicroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which are used to lookat both macro and microstructural features, the results show that PDP has bettershape memory properties than PAP. Their results would help researchers andprofessionals in the industry figure out how to use 4D printing and choose thebest programming strategy for their needs.The focus issue highlighted some remarkable capabilities of 4D printing,which have emerged as revolutionary technologies in recent years. The 4Dprinting offers unique advantages such as increased flexibility and adaptability,making it ideal for various applications where conventional 3D printing may notbe suitable. These features hold tremendous potential for applications requiringdynamic response and shape-changing capabilities. Understanding coupledmechanical behaviour, fatigue resistance, and aging effects and co-manufacturingwith other materials is crucial for their successful implementation in real-worldscenarios. Essential elements for achieving functional 4D printed productsdirectly from computer aided design files include AM composite combiningstronger and softer materials, as well as vital circuits and wire interconnects. Byexploring these topics, their theoretical progress, and industrial applications, wehope to foster a deeper understanding of the potential and challenges associatedwith 4D materials design and additive manufacturing. This focus issue hopes toprovide a platform for researchers to share their insights, latest discoveries, andinnovative solutions, further propelling the advancement of this exciting field.Data availability statementThe data that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonablerequest from the authors.ORCID iDsMahdi Bodaghi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0707-944XSuong Van Hoa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4901-7212Antoine Le Duigou https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-3491Yonas Tadesse https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6606-7089Ali Zolfagharian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5302-360XReferences[1] Zolfagharian A, Gharaie S, Kouzani A Z, Lakhi M, Ranjbar S, Lalegani Dezaki M andBodaghi M 2022 Silicon-based soft parallel robots 4D printing and multiphysics analysisSmart Mater. Struct. 31 115030[2] Cheng P, Wang K, Chen X, Le Duigou A, Peng Y and Wen W 2022 Compressive property andshape memory effect of 3D printed continuous ramie fiber reinforced biocompositecorrugated structures Smart Mater. Struct. 31 124003[3] Zou J, MacLean J D J, Ren J, Aphale S S and Gu G 2022 Proxy-based sliding-mode trackingcontrol of dielectric elastomer actuators through eliminating rate-dependent viscoelasticitySmart Mater. Struct. 31 104002[4] Hosseinabadi M, Etemadi E, Serjouei A and Bodaghi M 2023 3D printed negative stiffnessmeta-structures with superior energy absorption and super-elastic shape-recovery featuresSmart Mater. Struct. 32 034006[5] Guerra C, Ramos-Grez J A, La Fé-Perdomo I, Castillo A and Walczak M 2023 Applicability ofLPBF for producing Cu-11Al-5Ni-4Fe wt.% with shape memory properties Smart Mater.Struct. 32 0440013Smart Mater. Struct. 32 (2023) 110401 Editorial[6] Zolfagharian A, Jarrah H R, Xavier M S, Rolfe B and Bodaghi M 2023 Multimaterial 4Dprinting with a tunable bending model Smart Mater. Struct. 32 065001[7] Ali H M, Abdi M, Zahedi S A and Sun Y 2023 Design of a programmable particle filteringmedium using a novel auxetic metamaterial Smart Mater. Struct. 32 064006[8] Alshebly Y S and Nafea M 2023 Effects of printing parameters on 4D-printed PLA actuatorsSmart Mater. Struct. 32 064008[9] Samal B B, Jena A, Varshney S K and Kumar C S 2023 4D printing of shape memorypolymers: a comparative study of programming methodologies on various materialproperties Smart Mater. Struct. 32 0740034

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