Interaction between selenium and sulfur promotes alteration in the internal quality traits in green and red lettuce

Abstract

The interaction between selenium (Se) and sulfur (S) was investigated in green and red lettuce grown in a hydroponic system contain-ing a basal mineral complement at contrasting levels of Se and S. The experiment aimed to evaluate the impact of Se and S supplementation on the quality traits of the lettuce, including soluble sugars, organic acids, total protein and nitrate (NO3−) to result in better lettuce yield with improving quality. The Se and S concentrations determined in the lettuce leaves showed complex dependence on the various levels of selenate (SeO42−) and sulfate (SO42−) supplied via the foliar application and the nutrient solution, respectively. The foliar application of Se resulted in a synergistic interaction between both elements. With elevated Se and S (Se2/S2), Se accumulation was enhanced drastically in red lettuce, and in green lettuce, the S concentration increased significantly. Regarding carbohydrate accumulation, including water-soluble sugars, a lower Se dose under adequate S conditions enhanced glucose levels significantly by 3.2 and 2.1-fold in green and red lettuce, respectively. A synergistic interaction between Se and S was found following higher Se and S treatment (Se2/S2), resulting in a significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in glucose and fructose concentrations. However, higher S strikingly increased the accumulation of the reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) by 5.3 and 3.0-fold for glucose and 3.7 and 5.6-fold for fructose in green and red lettuce, respectively. Meanwhile, sucrose increased by 2.0-fold in red lettuce and remained unaltered in green lettuce. A low nitrate level (NO3−) was maintained in response to adequate or elevated S and Se levels. Se levels (Se1 and Se2) did not affect total protein concentration under contrasting sulfate/selenate. However, potential effects in terms of protein accumulation were associated with an adequate or increased S concentration. The data suggest that lower Se and sufficient S doses significantly increase glucose levels in both pigmented lettuce cultivars. Additionally, the synergistic interaction between Se and S could benefit the final nutritional value and quality of lettuce, especially for nitrate, where Se and S enrichment can ensure low nitrate levels