The small treated volume (typically ~2 L) associated with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles that are most frequently used in

solar water disinfection (SODIS), is a major obstacle to uptake of this water treatment technology in resource-poor environments. In

order to address this problem we have conducted a series of experiments in Spain, Bahrain and India, to assess the efficacy of large volume

(19 L) transparent plastic (polycarbonate) water cooler/dispenser containers (WDCs) as SODIS reactors to inactivate Escherichia

coli and Enterococcus faecalis, under strong natural sunlight. Reduction values of 6 log10 units (LRV = 6.0) have been observed using

WDCs in each location. Additional comparisons between 2-L PET bottles and 19-L indicate that WDCs provide bacterial inactivation

similar in both systems. SODIS disinfection experiments in turbid water (100 NTU) in both reactors showed very good inactivation efficiency.

LRVs of 6 were obtained for E. coli in both WDC and 2-L PET bottles, and in the case of E. faecalis LRV = 5 and 6 were

observed in Spain and Bahrain, respectively. These studies demonstrate that under conditions of strong sunlight and mild temperature,

19 L water dispenser containers can be used to provide adequate volumes of SODIS treated water for households or larger community

applications such as schools or clinics in the developing world

Bonnie Berger (19458)

Isaac S. Kohane (5983)

Nathan P. Palmer (479433)

Sumaiya Nazeen (3420563)

PubMed

Differential expression analysis of genes. This Excel file contains differential expression analysis p values per gene per disease under different FDR corrections [i.e., Bonferroni, Benjamini–Yekutieli (BY), and Benjamini–Hochberg (BH)] as well as ‘no correction’. For presentation purposes, the genes that are not significant even under the ’no correction’ case, have been omitted. (XLS 54 kb

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Additional file 2 of Integrative analysis of genetic data sets reveals a shared innate immune component in autism spectrum disorder and its co-morbidities

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that tends to co-occur with other diseases, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, cerebral palsy, dilated cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy, and schizophrenia. However, the molecular basis of this co-occurrence, and whether it is due to a shared component that influences both pathophysiology and environmental triggering of illness, has not been elucidated. To address this, we deploy a three-tiered transcriptomic meta-analysis that functions at the gene, pathway, and disease levels across ASD and its co-morbidities.
Results: Our analysis reveals a novel shared innate immune component between ASD and all but three of its co-morbidities that were examined. In particular, we find that the Toll-like receptor signaling and the chemokine signaling pathways, which are key pathways in the innate immune response, have the highest shared statistical significance. Moreover, the disease genes that overlap these two innate immunity pathways can be used to classify the cases of ASD and its co-morbidities vs. controls with at least 70 % accuracy.
Conclusions: This finding suggests that a neuropsychiatric condition and the majority of its non-brain-related co-morbidities share a dysregulated signal that serves as not only a common genetic basis for the diseases but also as a link to environmental triggers. It also raises the possibility that treatment and/or prophylaxis used for disorders of innate immunity may be successfully used for ASD patients with immune-related phenotypes.Fulbright Program (Science and Technology Fellowship)Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology (Graduate Fellowship)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant GM081871

Palmer, Nathan P.

Kohane, Isaac S.

Nazeen, Sumaiya

Berger, Bonnie A.

DSpace@MIT

Integrative analysis of genetic data sets reveals a shared innate immune component in autism spectrum disorder and its co-morbidities

Background
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that tends to co-occur with other diseases, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, cerebral palsy, dilated cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy, and schizophrenia. However, the molecular basis of this co-occurrence, and whether it is due to a shared component that influences both pathophysiology and environmental triggering of illness, has not been elucidated. To address this, we deploy a three-tiered transcriptomic meta-analysis that functions at the gene, pathway, and disease levels across ASD and its co-morbidities.

Results
Our analysis reveals a novel shared innate immune component between ASD and all but three of its co-morbidities that were examined. In particular, we find that the Toll-like receptor signaling and the chemokine signaling pathways, which are key pathways in the innate immune response, have the highest shared statistical significance. Moreover, the disease genes that overlap these two innate immunity pathways can be used to classify the cases of ASD and its co-morbidities vs. controls with at least 70 % accuracy.

Conclusions
This finding suggests that a neuropsychiatric condition and the majority of its non-brain-related co-morbidities share a dysregulated signal that serves as not only a common genetic basis for the diseases but also as a link to environmental triggers. It also raises the possibility that treatment and/or prophylaxis used for disorders of innate immunity may be successfully used for ASD patients with immune-related phenotypes.

Keywords
Autism spectrum disorder Co-morbidities of ASD Innate immunity pathways Three-tiered meta-analysis Gene expressionNational Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant GM081871)Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ludwig Center for Molecular OncologyUnited States. J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board (International Fulbright Science and Technology Fellowship

Berger Leighton, Bonnie

Mathur, Chandana

NUI Maynooth Eprint Archive

Capability of 19-L polycarbonate plastic water cooler containers

for efficient solar water disinfection (SODIS): Field case studies in

India, Bahrain and Spain

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that tends to co-occur with other diseases, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, cerebral palsy, dilated cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy, and schizophrenia. However, the molecular basis of this co-occurrence, and whether it is due to a shared component that influences both pathophysiology and environmental triggering of illness, has not been elucidated. To address this, we deploy a three-tiered transcriptomic meta-analysis that functions at the gene, pathway, and disease levels across ASD and its co-morbidities. Results: Our analysis reveals a novel shared innate immune component between ASD and all but three of its co-morbidities that were examined. In particular, we find that the Toll-like receptor signaling and the chemokine signaling pathways, which are key pathways in the innate immune response, have the highest shared statistical significance. Moreover, the disease genes that overlap these two innate immunity pathways can be used to classify the cases of ASD and its co-morbidities vs. controls with at least 70 % accuracy. Conclusions: This finding suggests that a neuropsychiatric condition and the majority of its non-brain-related co-morbidities share a dysregulated signal that serves as not only a common genetic basis for the diseases but also as a link to environmental triggers. It also raises the possibility that treatment and/or prophylaxis used for disorders of innate immunity may be successfully used for ASD patients with immune-related phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1084-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Berger, Bonnie

Harvard University - DASH 

Pathway enrichment analysis. This Excel file contains hypergeometric test p values per pathway per disease for KEGG, BioCarta, Reactome, and PID pathway collections as well as all canonical pathway gene sets collected from MSigDB version 4.0., and Fisherâs combined p values for ASD and its co-morbidities. (XLS 1444 kb

Additional file 4 of Integrative analysis of genetic data sets reveals a shared innate immune component in autism spectrum disorder and its co-morbidities

Supplementary figures. This PDF file contains supplementary Figures S1 through S5 and their captions. (PDF 8110 kb

Additional file 3 of Integrative analysis of genetic data sets reveals a shared innate immune component in autism spectrum disorder and its co-morbidities

Supplementary text. This PDF file contains the supplementary text describing the four different classification techniques we used for classifying cases vs. controls in microarray gene expression data from ASD and its co-morbidities. (PDF 196 kb

Additional file 7 of Integrative analysis of genetic data sets reveals a shared innate immune component in autism spectrum disorder and its co-morbidities

Sumaiya Nazeen

Nathan P. Palmer

Bonnie Berger

Isaac S. Kohane

Crossref

https://figshare.com/articles/Additional_file_4_of_Integrative_analysis_of_genetic_data_sets_reveals_a_shared_innate_immune_component_in_autism_spectrum_disorder_and_its_co-morbidities/4331828

Capability of 19-L polycarbonate plastic water cooler containers for efficient solar water disinfection (SODIS): Field case studies in India, Bahrain and Spain

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NUI Maynooth Eprint Archive

Harvard University - DASH

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