A central goal of high-level programming languages, such as those we use to teach introductory computer science courses, is to provide an abstraction that hides the complexity and idiosyncrasies of computer hardware. Although programming languages are effective at achieving this goal, certain properties of computer hardware cannot be hidden, or are useful for students to know about. As a consequence, many of the greatest conceptual challenges for beginning programmers arise from a lack of understanding of the basic properties of the hardware upon which computer programs execute. To address this problem, we have developed a simple virtual machine called ANT for use in our introductory computer science (CS1) curriculum. ANT is designed to be simple enough that a CS1 student can quickly understand it, while at the same time providing an accurate model of many important properties of computer hardware. After two years of experience with ANT in our CS1 course, we believe it is a valuable tool for helping young students understand how programs and data are represented in a computer system.Engineering and Applied Science
