The phenomenon of children associated with armed forces and armed groups is an issue of increasing global concern. The forceful conscription of children (both boys and girls) into armed forces has been documented in at least 86 countries (Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers 2008). Available research suggests that these children may face heightened risk for psychological and social problems (Wessells 2009; Blattman and Annan in press). However, there is little evidence about the long-term effects of child soldiers' wartime experiences.
In 2002, a collaboration between the Harvard School of Public Health and the International Rescue Committee (IRC) led to the launch of a longitudinal study of war-affected youth in Sierra Leone. The study was designed to identify risk and protective factors in psychosocial adjustment and social reintegration. The research was informed by an ecological approach to child health and well-being which examines the interaction of influences at the individual, familial, peer, community and cultural/collective level (Bronfenbrenner 1979; Betancourt and Khan 2008). The study was also shaped by contemporary theory and research related to resilience in the mental health and development of children and families in adversity
