Semiconducting transparent SnO2 thin films were prepared by microcontroller processed electro spraying technique. The structural and optical properties of the films were studied using X-ray diffractometer, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Photoluminescence spectroscopy respectively. The polycrystalline nature of the films with tetragonal structure was observed from XRD pattern with the mean grain size of 17 nm. The Optical band gap of the films was calculated from the absorption curve 
and the interference pattern was observed on transmittance spectra. The calculated band gap of 3.5 eV is larger than the bulk band gap of Tin oxide. The blue emission band at 388 nm was observed from room temperature photoluminescence analysis and the effect of excitation wavelength of the films were studied and   discussed.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3598

Arivazhagan, V.

Devasenathipathi, K.P.

Parvathi, M. Manonmani

Rajesh, S.

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

 
 
 
J. Nano- Electron. Phys. 
3 (2011) No4, P. 13-19 
 2011 SumDU 
(Sumy State University) 
 
 
13 
PACS numbers: 78.66.Bz, 81.40.Vw. 
 
STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTRO SPRAYED 
TIN OXIDE THIN FILMS 
 
K.P. Devasenathipathi1, V. Arivazhagan2, M. Manonmani Parvathi2, 
S. Rajesh2 
 
1 Department of Nanotechnology 
 Karunya University, Coimbatore-641 114, India 
2 Thin film laboratory, Department of Physics 
 Karunya University, Coimbatore-641 114, India 
 Email: drsrajesh@karunya.edu 
 
Semiconducting transparent SnO2 thin films were prepared by microcontroller 
processed electro spraying technique. The structural and optical properties of the films 
were studied using X-ray diffractometer, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and 
Photoluminescence spectroscopy respectively. The polycrystalline nature of the films 
with tetragonal structure was observed from XRD pattern with the mean grain size of 
17 nm. The Optical band gap of the films was calculated from the absorption curve 
and the interference pattern was observed on transmittance spectra. The calculated 
band gap of 3.5 eV is larger than the bulk band gap of Tin oxide. The blue emission 
band at 388 nm was observed from room temperature photoluminescence analysis and 
the effect of excitation wavelength of the films were studied and discussed.  
 
Keywords: ELECTRO SPRAY, SnO2, STRUCTURAL, UV, PL STUDIES. 
 
(Received 04 July 2011, in final form 29 August 2011  
published online 30 December 2011) 
 
1. INTRODUCTION 
 
SnO2 is the transparent wide-band-gap oxide semiconductor which is applied 
widely in many fields such as optoelectronic devices [1], solar cells [2], flat 
panel displays [3] and gas sensors [4-6], owing to its good optical and 
electrical properties and excellent chemical and thermal stability. The optical 
transparency of SnO2, together with its chemical and mechanical stability 
makes SnO2 films suitable for many other applications [7].There are several 
technique have been established to prepare high transparent metal oxide 
semiconductors (MOSs) such as spray pyrolysis [8], PECVD [9], plasma 
oxidation [10], Ion beam sputtering [11], sol-gel-dip-coating [12] etc. How-
ever, there are no more work have been done using electro spraying technique 
for preparing MOSs. In this paper, we report the structural and optical 
properties of microcontroller processed electro sprayed SnO2 thin films. 
 
2. EXPERIMENTAL 
 
Metal oxide semiconductor of SnO2 was prepared by electro spraying 
technique. Fig. 1 Show the schematic view of electro spraying set up. The 
starting precursor of SnCl4.2H2O and isopropyl alcohol were taken as 
starting materials. 0.5 M solution was prepared and stirred for 45 minutes 
 
 
 
14 K.P. DEVASENATHIPATHI, V. ARIVAZHAGAN, ET AL.  
at room temperature and then aged for 2 h to get the required sol. Then the 
sol was taken in a syringe with the needle (2 mm dia). The solution loaded 
syringe is kept in the infusion pump (Model no: HQ-SPLF-04). Infusion 
pump could control the flow rate of the liquid specious. High potential of 
10 kV is fed to the syringe needle and the substrate. The needle is given the 
phase supply with respect to the grounded substrate. The distance between 
the needle and substrate is kept 15 cm. And the flow rate is given 1 ml per 
hour to be sprayed on the ITO substrate. The temperature is maintained at 
400 degree. 
 
 
 
Fig. 1 – Schematic view of Elctro spraying set up 
 
The X-ray analysis of both as deposited and annealed multilayer films were 
carried out using Shimadzu XRD-6000 X-ray Diffractometer. Here the films 
were exposed to Cu Kα source and the scattering angles were varied from 
10-90. The surface Morphology of the films were analyzed using Scanning 
Electron Microscope (JSM 6390)The optical studies of the films were 
analyzed using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Jasco-570 UV/VIS/NIR 
Spectrophotometer) in the range of 200 to 1200 nm. Photoluminescence 
studies were also carried out using Fluoromax-4 spectrophotometer in which 
Xenon is used as source with different excitation wavelength. 
 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
3.1 Structural and surface morphological studies 
 
Fig. 2 shows the typical X-ray diffractogram (XRD) pattern of elctrosprayed 
SnO2 thin films prepared at 350. It is quite clear from this figure that the 
films are single-phase SnO2 with fine polycrystalline grains that are oriented 
along the (1 1 0), (1 0 1), (1 1 1), (2 1 1), (3 1 0) and (3 0 1) planes at 
2   26.62, 33.87, 38.98, 51.66◦, 61.88◦ and 65.97 respectively, where  is the 
glancing angle of the peak. T. Serin et al. [8] observed nearly amorphous SnO2 
films deposited at 300 C by spray pyrolysis method whereas in our work we 
got fine polycrystalline peaks at 300
◦
C. The crystalline size of the films were 
calculated using Scherer’s formula [9],  
 
 D  0.9 /( cos ), (1) 
 
where  is the wavelength of X-ray used (   1.54 Å),  is the full width half 
maximum (FWHM) of the peak. The lattice constant of SnO2 films were calcu-
lated for the tetragonal structure was calculated using the relation given by, 
 
 
 
 PROPERTIES OF ELECTRO SPRAYED TIN OXIDE THIN FILMS… 15 
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
In
te
n
s
it
y
 (
a
rb
.u
n
it
s
)
2 Theta (deg)
(1
 1
 0
)
(1
 0
 1
)
(1
 1
 1
)
(2
 1
 1
)
(3
 1
 0
) (3
 0
 1
)
 
 
 
 
Fig. 2 – XRD pattern of electro sprayed SnO2 thin films 
 
 
 
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 ( )h k l
d a c
 (2) 
 
Where h, k, l are the Miller indices, a and c are the lattice constants and d 
is the d-spacing calculated from Bragg relation, 
 
 d  0.5 /sin . (3) 
 
Table 1 shows the structural parameters such as crystalline size and lattice 
constant of the SnO2 thin films prepared by electro spraying method at 300 C 
 
Table 1 – Structural parameters of electro sprayed SnO2 thin film 
 
Film (h k l) 2  (deg) 
FWHM 
(deg) 
d-spacing 
Crystalline 
size (nm) 
Lattice 
constant 
(Å) 
SnO2 
(Tetragonal) 
1 1 0 26.6280 0.5071 3.34495   
1 0 1 33.8184 0.49160 2.64384 17 
a  4.72 
c  3.17 
2 1 1 51.6634 0.47310 1.76784   
 
The average crystalline size of 17 nm was calculated and the lattice constant 
of a  4.72, c  3.17 indicates that the prepared films match well with 
standard values. This leads to there is no stress induced effects on electro 
sprayed Tin oxide films at 300 C. 
 The morphology and microstructure of the electrosprayed films are 
further analyzed by SEM (Fig. 3). The SEM image revelass that the prepared 
sample is composed of uniformly distributed particles of almost similar size. 
 
 
 
16 K.P. DEVASENATHIPATHI, V. ARIVAZHAGAN, ET AL.  
 
 
Fig. 3 – SEM image of electro sprayed SnO2 thin films 
 
The observed particle size from SEM is larger than the crystalline size from 
XRD and this is due to one particle consists of many crystallite in its.  
 
3.2 UV-Vis spectroscopic studies 
 
Fig. 3, 4 shows the absorption and transmittance spectra of SnO2 thin films 
prepared by electro spraying technique. Fig. 3. Shows the high transparency 
of 75 % in visible region (360-760 nm) and there are some interference 
peaks in the transmittance curve due to the influence of the thin film 
thickness. The similar result was already reported by J. Niet [13]. In 
addition, it can be seen that the absorption edge of the prepared sample is 
320 nm and this result is in close agreement with the calculated optical band 
gap (3.5 eV) of the prepared films. 
 The optical band – gap determined by the equation [14], 
 
 h  ~ (h  – Eg)
0.5 (4) 
 
Where,   g 4k/  is the absorption coefficient, h is the Planck’s constant,  
is frequency, Eg is the band gap energy and k is the extinction coefficient. 
The graph of absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength and the 
curve fitting of ( h )2 vs h  are shown in Fig. 4a and 4b respectively. 
 
 
 
Fig. 4 – Absorption (a) and transmittance (b) spectra of electro sprayed SnO2 thin films 
 
 
 
 PROPERTIES OF ELECTRO SPRAYED TIN OXIDE THIN FILMS… 17 
 
 
Fig. 5 – Absorption coefficient (a) and optical band gap (b) graph of electro sprayed 
SnO2 films 
 
The extrapolation of the linear portion of the curve to ( h )2  0 gives the 
optical band gap value for the prepared films. The band gap energy of 
3.5 eV was calculated which is larger than the bulk band gap (2.5-3 eV) of 
SnO2. The similar was reported by J. Podder et al. [15] for SnO2 films 
prepared by spray pyrolysis method. 
 
3.3 Photoluminescence analysis 
 
Fig. 6, shows the photoluminescence spectra of electro sprayed Tin Oxide 
thin films excited at different wavelengths. The film excited at the 
wavelength of 310 nm is shown in Fig. 6a.The broad emission peak centered 
at 390 nm was observed due to band to band transition. There is no more 
feature was observed in this excited wavelength. However the broaden of the 
peak indicates the nanocrystalline effect of the films and this emission peaks 
attributes the blue emission band. The similar result was observed by Ameer 
Azam et al. [17]. The film excited at 385 nm is illustrated in Fig. 6b. The 
emission peaks centered at 442 nm 420 nm was well in agreement with the 
absorption spectra of the Tin oxide films (Fig. 4). The emission at 420 nm is 
attributed to the residual stresses within the tin dioxide Nanocrystals that 
originate from the lattice distortion. The emission observed at 442 nm is 
attributed to the Sn interstitials [18].  
 The film excited at 440 nm is shown in Fig. 6c. Two emission peaks 
observed at 526 nm and 675 nm attributed the oxygen deficiency [19]. 
Different types of oxygen vacancies exist, among them the 526 nm and 
675 nm peaks are attributed to Vo
+ and Vo
2+ oxygen vacancies [20]. 
 
4. CONCLUSION 
 
The transparent metal oxide semiconductor of SnO2 was prepared by electro 
spraying technique. X-ray diffractogram reveals that the prepared films are 
polycrystalline in nature with tetragonal structure. The smooth and uni-
formly sprayed particles were identified using Scanning Electron Microscope. 
The absorption edge starts with shorter wavelength indicates that the 
presence of nanoparticle on the films. The optical band gap was calculated 
using absorption spectra and is found to be 3.5 eV which is larger than  
 
 
 
18 K.P. DEVASENATHIPATHI, V. ARIVAZHAGAN, ET AL.  
 
 
Fig. 6 – Photoluminescence spectra of Electro sprayed SnO2 films excited at various 
excitation wavelengths 
 
bulk band gap of the materials. The blue emission band was observed by 
room temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy. Sn interstitials was 
observed from the peak centered at 442 nm. 
 
REFERENCES 
1. B.J. Lewis, D.C. Paine, MRS Bull. 25, 22 (2000). 
2. K. Omura, P. Veluchamy, M. Tsuji, T. Nishio, D. Mnrojono, J. Electrochem. Soc. 
146, 2113 (1999). 
3. S.J. Laverty, H. Feng, P Magurie, J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, 2165 (1997). 
4. A.V. Tadeev, G. Delabouglise, M. Labeau, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 57, 76 (1998). 
5. G. Korotcenkov, I. Blinov, V. Brinzari, J.R. Stetter, Sensor Actuat. B-Chem. 122, 
519 (2007). 
6. G. Leo, R. Rella, P. Siciliano, S. Capone, J.C. Alonso, V. Pankov, A. Ortiz, Sensor 
Actuat. B-Chem. 58, 370 (1999). 
7. A.N. Banerjee, R. Maity, S. Kundoo, K.K. Chattopadhyay, phys. status solidi a 
201, 983 (2004). 
8. T. Serin, N. Serin, S. Karadeniz, H. Sari, N. Tugluoglu, O. Pakma, J. Non-Cryst. 
Solids 352, 209 (2006) 
9. P.Y. Liu, J.F. Chen, W.D. Sun, Vacuum 76, 7 (2004). 
10. Z. Stryhal, J. Pavlka, S. Novak, A. Mackova, V. Pesrina, K. Veltruska, Vacuum 
67, 665 (2002). 
11. Jae-Ho Chung, Yong-Sahm Choe, Dae-Seung Kim, Thin Solid Films 349, 126 (1999). 
12. A. Guinier, X-Ray Diffraction (San Francio: CA: 1963). 
13. J. Ni, X. Zhao, X. Zheng, Z. Zhao, B. Liu, Acta Mater. 57, 278 (2009). 
 
 
 
 PROPERTIES OF ELECTRO SPRAYED TIN OXIDE THIN FILMS… 19 
14. F. Wooten, Optical properties of solids (Academic Press: New York: 1981). 
15. A. S. Ahmed, M.M. Shafeeq, M.L. Singla, S. Tabassum, A.H. Naqvi, A. Azam, J. 
Lumin. 131, 1 (2006). 
16. S.S. Roy, J. Podder, J. Opt. Adv. Mater. 12, 1479 (2010) (2010). 
17. F. Gu, S.F. Wang, X.F. Cheng, S.F. Liu, G.J. Zhou et al., J. Cryst. Growth 262, 
182 (2004). 
18. Y. Sakurai, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352, 5391 (2006). 
19. J.X. Zhou, M.S. Zhang, J.M. Hong, Z. Yin, Solid State Commun. 138, 242 (2006). 
20. T. Krishnakumar, R. Jayaprakash, M. Parthibavarman, A.R. Phani, V.N. Singh, 
B.R. Mehta, Mater. Lett. 63, 896 (2009). 
 


Structural and Optical Properties of Electro Sprayed Tin Oxide Thin Films

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

   J. Nano- Electron. Phys. 3 (2011) No4, P. 13-19  2011 SumDU (Sumy State University)   13 PACS numbers: 78.66.Bz, 81.40.Vw.  STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTRO SPRAYED TIN OXIDE THIN FILMS  K.P. Devasenathipathi1, V. Arivazhagan2, M. Manonmani Parvathi2, S. Rajesh2  1 Department of Nanotechnology  Karunya University, Coimbatore-641 114, India 2 Thin film laboratory, Department of Physics  Karunya University, Coimbatore-641 114, India  Email: drsrajesh@karunya.edu  Semiconducting transparent SnO2 thin films were prepared by microcontroller processed electro spraying technique. The structural and optical properties of the films were studied using X-ray diffractometer, UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Photoluminescence spectroscopy respectively. The polycrystalline nature of the films with tetragonal structure was observed from XRD pattern with the mean grain size of 17 nm. The Optical band gap of the films was calculated from the absorption curve and the interference pattern was observed on transmittance spectra. The calculated band gap of 3.5 eV is larger than the bulk band gap of Tin oxide. The blue emission band at 388 nm was observed from room temperature photoluminescence analysis and the effect of excitation wavelength of the films were studied and discussed.   Keywords: ELECTRO SPRAY, SnO2, STRUCTURAL, UV, PL STUDIES.  (Received 04 July 2011, in final form 29 August 2011  published online 30 December 2011)  1. INTRODUCTION  SnO2 is the transparent wide-band-gap oxide semiconductor which is applied widely in many fields such as optoelectronic devices [1], solar cells [2], flat panel displays [3] and gas sensors [4-6], owing to its good optical and electrical properties and excellent chemical and thermal stability. The optical transparency of SnO2, together with its chemical and mechanical stability makes SnO2 films suitable for many other applications [7].There are several technique have been established to prepare high transparent metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) such as spray pyrolysis [8], PECVD [9], plasma oxidation [10], Ion beam sputtering [11], sol-gel-dip-coating [12] etc. How-ever, there are no more work have been done using electro spraying technique for preparing MOSs. In this paper, we report the structural and optical properties of microcontroller processed electro sprayed SnO2 thin films.  2. EXPERIMENTAL  Metal oxide semiconductor of SnO2 was prepared by electro spraying technique. Fig. 1 Show the schematic view of electro spraying set up. The starting precursor of SnCl4.2H2O and isopropyl alcohol were taken as starting materials. 0.5 M solution was prepared and stirred for 45 minutes    14 K.P. DEVASENATHIPATHI, V. ARIVAZHAGAN, ET AL.  at room temperature and then aged for 2 h to get the required sol. Then the sol was taken in a syringe with the needle (2 mm dia). The solution loaded syringe is kept in the infusion pump (Model no: HQ-SPLF-04). Infusion pump could control the flow rate of the liquid specious. High potential of 10 kV is fed to the syringe needle and the substrate. The needle is given the phase supply with respect to the grounded substrate. The distance between the needle and substrate is kept 15 cm. And the flow rate is given 1 ml per hour to be sprayed on the ITO substrate. The temperature is maintained at 400 degree.    Fig. 1 – Schematic view of Elctro spraying set up  The X-ray analysis of both as deposited and annealed multilayer films were carried out using Shimadzu XRD-6000 X-ray Diffractometer. Here the films were exposed to Cu Kα source and the scattering angles were varied from 10-90. The surface Morphology of the films were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (JSM 6390)The optical studies of the films were analyzed using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Jasco-570 UV/VIS/NIR Spectrophotometer) in the range of 200 to 1200 nm. Photoluminescence studies were also carried out using Fluoromax-4 spectrophotometer in which Xenon is used as source with different excitation wavelength.  3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  3.1 Structural and surface morphological studies  Fig. 2 shows the typical X-ray diffractogram (XRD) pattern of elctrosprayed SnO2 thin films prepared at 350. It is quite clear from this figure that the films are single-phase SnO2 with fine polycrystalline grains that are oriented along the (1 1 0), (1 0 1), (1 1 1), (2 1 1), (3 1 0) and (3 0 1) planes at 2   26.62, 33.87, 38.98, 51.66◦, 61.88◦ and 65.97 respectively, where  is the glancing angle of the peak. T. Serin et al. [8] observed nearly amorphous SnO2 films deposited at 300 C by spray pyrolysis method whereas in our work we got fine polycrystalline peaks at 300◦C. The crystalline size of the films were calculated using Scherer’s formula [9],    D  0.9 /( cos ), (1)  where  is the wavelength of X-ray used (   1.54 Å),  is the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the peak. The lattice constant of SnO2 films were calcu-lated for the tetragonal structure was calculated using the relation given by,     PROPERTIES OF ELECTRO SPRAYED TIN OXIDE THIN FILMS… 15 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Intensity (arb.units)2 Theta (deg)(1 1 0)(1 0 1)(1 1 1)(2 1 1)(3 1 0) (3 0 1)    Fig. 2 – XRD pattern of electro sprayed SnO2 thin films    2 2 22 2 21 ( )h k ld a c (2)  Where h, k, l are the Miller indices, a and c are the lattice constants and d is the d-spacing calculated from Bragg relation,   d  0.5 /sin . (3)  Table 1 shows the structural parameters such as crystalline size and lattice constant of the SnO2 thin films prepared by electro spraying method at 300 C  Table 1 – Structural parameters of electro sprayed SnO2 thin film  Film (h k l) 2  (deg) FWHM (deg) d-spacing Crystalline size (nm) Lattice constant (Å) SnO2 (Tetragonal) 1 1 0 26.6280 0.5071 3.34495   1 0 1 33.8184 0.49160 2.64384 17 a  4.72 c  3.17 2 1 1 51.6634 0.47310 1.76784    The average crystalline size of 17 nm was calculated and the lattice constant of a  4.72, c  3.17 indicates that the prepared films match well with standard values. This leads to there is no stress induced effects on electro sprayed Tin oxide films at 300 C.  The morphology and microstructure of the electrosprayed films are further analyzed by SEM (Fig. 3). The SEM image revelass that the prepared sample is composed of uniformly distributed particles of almost similar size.    16 K.P. DEVASENATHIPATHI, V. ARIVAZHAGAN, ET AL.    Fig. 3 – SEM image of electro sprayed SnO2 thin films  The observed particle size from SEM is larger than the crystalline size from XRD and this is due to one particle consists of many crystallite in its.   3.2 UV-Vis spectroscopic studies  Fig. 3, 4 shows the absorption and transmittance spectra of SnO2 thin films prepared by electro spraying technique. Fig. 3. Shows the high transparency of 75 % in visible region (360-760 nm) and there are some interference peaks in the transmittance curve due to the influence of the thin film thickness. The similar result was already reported by J. Niet [13]. In addition, it can be seen that the absorption edge of the prepared sample is 320 nm and this result is in close agreement with the calculated optical band gap (3.5 eV) of the prepared films.  The optical band – gap determined by the equation [14],   h  ~ (h  – Eg)0.5 (4)  Where,   g 4k/  is the absorption coefficient, h is the Planck’s constant,  is frequency, Eg is the band gap energy and k is the extinction coefficient. The graph of absorption coefficient as a function of wavelength and the curve fitting of ( h )2 vs h  are shown in Fig. 4a and 4b respectively.    Fig. 4 – Absorption (a) and transmittance (b) spectra of electro sprayed SnO2 thin films     PROPERTIES OF ELECTRO SPRAYED TIN OXIDE THIN FILMS… 17   Fig. 5 – Absorption coefficient (a) and optical band gap (b) graph of electro sprayed SnO2 films  The extrapolation of the linear portion of the curve to ( h )2  0 gives the optical band gap value for the prepared films. The band gap energy of 3.5 eV was calculated which is larger than the bulk band gap (2.5-3 eV) of SnO2. The similar was reported by J. Podder et al. [15] for SnO2 films prepared by spray pyrolysis method.  3.3 Photoluminescence analysis  Fig. 6, shows the photoluminescence spectra of electro sprayed Tin Oxide thin films excited at different wavelengths. The film excited at the wavelength of 310 nm is shown in Fig. 6a.The broad emission peak centered at 390 nm was observed due to band to band transition. There is no more feature was observed in this excited wavelength. However the broaden of the peak indicates the nanocrystalline effect of the films and this emission peaks attributes the blue emission band. The similar result was observed by Ameer Azam et al. [17]. The film excited at 385 nm is illustrated in Fig. 6b. The emission peaks centered at 442 nm 420 nm was well in agreement with the absorption spectra of the Tin oxide films (Fig. 4). The emission at 420 nm is attributed to the residual stresses within the tin dioxide Nanocrystals that originate from the lattice distortion. The emission observed at 442 nm is attributed to the Sn interstitials [18].   The film excited at 440 nm is shown in Fig. 6c. Two emission peaks observed at 526 nm and 675 nm attributed the oxygen deficiency [19]. Different types of oxygen vacancies exist, among them the 526 nm and 675 nm peaks are attributed to Vo+ and Vo2+ oxygen vacancies [20].  4. CONCLUSION  The transparent metal oxide semiconductor of SnO2 was prepared by electro spraying technique. X-ray diffractogram reveals that the prepared films are polycrystalline in nature with tetragonal structure. The smooth and uni-formly sprayed particles were identified using Scanning Electron Microscope. The absorption edge starts with shorter wavelength indicates that the presence of nanoparticle on the films. The optical band gap was calculated using absorption spectra and is found to be 3.5 eV which is larger than     18 K.P. DEVASENATHIPATHI, V. ARIVAZHAGAN, ET AL.    Fig. 6 – Photoluminescence spectra of Electro sprayed SnO2 films excited at various excitation wavelengths  bulk band gap of the materials. The blue emission band was observed by room temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy. Sn interstitials was observed from the peak centered at 442 nm.  REFERENCES 1. B.J. Lewis, D.C. Paine, MRS Bull. 25, 22 (2000). 2. K. Omura, P. Veluchamy, M. Tsuji, T. Nishio, D. Mnrojono, J. Electrochem. Soc. 146, 2113 (1999). 3. S.J. Laverty, H. Feng, P Magurie, J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, 2165 (1997). 4. A.V. Tadeev, G. Delabouglise, M. Labeau, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 57, 76 (1998). 5. G. Korotcenkov, I. Blinov, V. Brinzari, J.R. Stetter, Sensor Actuat. B-Chem. 122, 519 (2007). 6. G. Leo, R. Rella, P. Siciliano, S. Capone, J.C. Alonso, V. Pankov, A. Ortiz, Sensor Actuat. B-Chem. 58, 370 (1999). 7. A.N. Banerjee, R. Maity, S. Kundoo, K.K. Chattopadhyay, phys. status solidi a 201, 983 (2004). 8. T. Serin, N. Serin, S. Karadeniz, H. Sari, N. Tugluoglu, O. Pakma, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352, 209 (2006) 9. P.Y. Liu, J.F. Chen, W.D. Sun, Vacuum 76, 7 (2004). 10. Z. Stryhal, J. Pavlka, S. Novak, A. Mackova, V. Pesrina, K. Veltruska, Vacuum 67, 665 (2002). 11. Jae-Ho Chung, Yong-Sahm Choe, Dae-Seung Kim, Thin Solid Films 349, 126 (1999). 12. A. Guinier, X-Ray Diffraction (San Francio: CA: 1963). 13. J. Ni, X. Zhao, X. Zheng, Z. Zhao, B. Liu, Acta Mater. 57, 278 (2009).     PROPERTIES OF ELECTRO SPRAYED TIN OXIDE THIN FILMS… 19 14. F. Wooten, Optical properties of solids (Academic Press: New York: 1981). 15. A. S. Ahmed, M.M. Shafeeq, M.L. Singla, S. Tabassum, A.H. Naqvi, A. Azam, J. Lumin. 131, 1 (2006). 16. S.S. Roy, J. Podder, J. Opt. Adv. Mater. 12, 1479 (2010) (2010). 17. F. Gu, S.F. Wang, X.F. Cheng, S.F. Liu, G.J. Zhou et al., J. Cryst. Growth 262, 182 (2004). 18. Y. Sakurai, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352, 5391 (2006). 19. J.X. Zhou, M.S. Zhang, J.M. Hong, Z. Yin, Solid State Commun. 138, 242 (2006). 20. T. Krishnakumar, R. Jayaprakash, M. Parthibavarman, A.R. Phani, V.N. Singh, B.R. Mehta, Mater. Lett. 63, 896 (2009).  

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Structural and Optical Properties of Electro Sprayed Tin Oxide Thin Films

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