Since 1987, when the first part of the Roman Limes was
inscribed to the UNESCO List of World Heritage, there has been an idea
to unite this system, stretching over 5,000 km across the Roman
provinces in Europe, the Near East and North Africa, into one big site
– Frontiers of the Roman Empire (Ployer, Polak and Schmidt 2017).
Apart from Hadrian’s and Antonine’s wall, the Lower Germanic, the
Upper German-Raetian Limes and the western part of the Danube
Limes have also been inscribed to this list so far.
The Danube Limes was divided into two segments – western and eastern, with the parts in Germany, Slovakia and Austria already
inscribed. The nomination of the eastern part of the Danube Limes is
a joint project of four countries – Croatia, Serbia, Romania and
Bulgaria.
The Limes section in Serbia is 450 km long. Archaeological
prospection and excavations have confirmed the existence of
approximately 80 sites, 10 in the province of Pannonia Inferior and 70
in Moesia Superior (Korać et al. 2014). For the revised Tentative List,
35 sites were selected (Tentative List).1st International Conference with Workshop. Science for Conservation of the Danube Limes. Mortar Design for Conservation – Danube Roman Frontier 2000 Years after. Programme and Abstracts. June 27th – July 1st 2022, Viminacium, Serbi

Kosanović, Ivana

Marjanović, Milica

Mrđić, Nemanja

Repository of the Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade (RAI)

   INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY BELGRADE, SERBIA  1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP  SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION  OF THE DANUBE LIMES Mortar Design for Conservation – Danube Roman Frontier 2000 Years After  PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACTS VIMINACIUM, SERBIA JUNE 27TH - JULY 1ST, 2022         INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY BELGRADE, SERBIA  1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP     SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION  OF THE DANUBE LIMES Mortar Design for Conservation – Danube Roman Frontier 2000 Years After      PROGRAMME AND ABSTRACTS VIMINACIUM, SERBIA JUNE 27TH - JULY 1ST, 2022              Publisher:  Institute of Archaeology, Kneza Mihaila 35/IV, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia institut@ai.ac.rs; https://ai.ac.rs; tel. +381 11 2637-191 Editor in Chief: Miomir Korać, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Editors:  Emilija Nikolić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Mladen Jovičić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Graphic Design: Emiija Nikolić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Mladen Jovičić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Proofreading: Dave Calcutt Book Illustration: Nikola Korać Cover Photo: Photo-documentation of the MoDeCo2000 Project   ISBN 978-86-6439-072-9  This publication was created by the funding support of the Science Fund. The Institute of Archaeology is solely responsible for the content of this publication and it does not express the views of the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia.   1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP - SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF THE DANUBE LIMES, VIMINACIUM 2022    5  Scientific Programme Committee  Prof. Dr Emeritus Ioanna Papayianni, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Prof. Dr Vladica Cvetković, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade, Serbia Dr Miomir Korać, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Prof. Dr Jonjaua Ranogajec, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Novi Sad  Dr Zagorka Radojević, Institute of Testing of Materials, Belgrade, Serbia  Prof. Dr Maria Stefanidou, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Building Materials, School of Civil Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece Prof. Dr Ana Radivojević, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architectural Technologies, Belgrade, Serbia Prof. Dr Anna Arizzi, University of Granada, Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, Granada, Spain  Dr Andreja Sironić, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia  Prof. Dr Michele Secco, University of Padua, Department of Cultural Heritage; Inter-Departmental Research Centre for the Study of Cement Materials and Hydraulic Binders (CIRCe), Padua, Italy Dr Yotam Asscher, Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem, Israel Dr Florian Matei Popescu, Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest, Romania Dr Emilija Nikolić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Dr Mladen Jovičić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Dr Snežana Vučetić, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Novi Sad  Organisational Committee  Dr Emilija Nikolić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Dr Mladen Jovičić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Ivana Kosanović, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Dr Nemanja Mrđić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Dr Ivan Bogdanović, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Dr Bojan Popović, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Dr Igor Bjelić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Kristina Ponjavić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Ljubomir Jevtović, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia Dr Dragana Gavrilović, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia     1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP - SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF THE DANUBE LIMES, VIMINACIUM 2022    6       1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP - SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF THE DANUBE LIMES, VIMINACIUM 2022    7  CONTENTS  Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………9 Programme……………………………………………………………………………......13 Abstracts……………………………………………………………………………….…...29       1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP - SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF THE DANUBE LIMES, VIMINACIUM 2022    8          1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP - SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF THE DANUBE LIMES, VIMINACIUM 2022    9  PREFACE  The dust that a building is transformed into when it becomes a ruin holds precious traces of the past. The hands of an archaeologist will search through it patiently, and find a necklace bead of a woman that lived in it. The hands of an architect will virtually transform the dust into a mortar, brick, or stone. The first profession sees through the unbuilt. The second one builds from it. However, both perform their work by communicating with the sciences. Throughout history, various components were chosen, measured, and mixed into one of the most complex building composites ever - mortar, whose re-creation is of invaluable importance for architectural conservation. Geologists and chemists will best tell us about its composition. However, sometimes, while excavating a ruined wall, an archaeologist finds a mortar trowel, accidentally left by the past builder. Is this a more valuable trace for revealing the creation of a wall than the binder/aggregate ratio of the mortar used? Can we pick it up and imagine the hands that combined colourful aggregate grains with the earth, gypsum, lime, or cement?  From the exploitation, transport, and use of raw materials, to the product called mortar, we pass by the people from the past, the quarries, roads, and rivers, we look at the craftsmen working with tools, and observe the investors negotiating with engineers, and the rulers supervising the construction. The four hands from the beginning of the story can combine the chemistry of the red, blue, green, yellow, black, and white mineral grains with the found trowel, and help us revive many    1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP - SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF THE DANUBE LIMES, VIMINACIUM 2022    10  unknown hands from the past. Thus, the research of historic mortars for conservation purposes must not be a purely technical process. Only by understanding the multiple values of a historic building, we can adequately protect it. The project Mortar Design for Conservation – Danube Roman Frontier 2,000 Years After (MoDeCo2000), funded by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, was created with the sincere intent and great hope that it could help in the future discoveries and preservation of the rich heritage in Serbia from the period of the magnificent Roman Empire, whose Danubian monuments are part of the preliminary list for UNESCO World Heritage. Different researchers and professionals - architects, archaeologists, geologists, chemists, materials scientists, physicists, biologists, restorers, craftsmen, and managers have all made an effort to get closer to the fulfilment of the wish of the project creators.   After sampling and investigating numerous mortars originating from the structures dating to the period from the 1st to the 6th century, many conclusions were made, but challenges for future researchers and conservators also arose, telling us we need to continue our work in the future, in an attempt to gain more knowledge and, thus, preserve our heritage more adequately. We welcome you to the Viminacium Archaeological Park and the 1st International Conference with Workshop, Science for Conservation of the Danube Limes. With the hope that many new fruitful collaborations between our guest researchers will be developed on this occasion, taking us one step further towards long-term technical    1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP - SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF THE DANUBE LIMES, VIMINACIUM 2022    11  solutions for architectural conservation and civil engineering based on nature, but also to new cognitions about the life of the past people, always for the cause of the preservation of rich world material and immaterial cultural heritage and our planet, we invite you to peruse this publication. All the authors have shown their enormous affection and passionate devotion towards the discoveries of ancient knowledge, advocating its use in the further preservation of the most monumental physical witnesses of the past – buildings, for future generations.   EDITORS    Members of the MoDeCo2000 Project team:  Dr Emilija Nikolić, PI, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade Dr Mladen Jovičić, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade Dr Snežana Vučetić, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Novi Sad Dr Jonjaua Ranogajec, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Novi Sad Ljiljana Miličić, Institute for Testing of Materials (IMS Institute), Belgrade Ivana Delić-Nikolić, Institute for Testing of Materials (IMS Institute), Belgrade Dr Nevenka Mijatović, Institute for Testing of Materials (IMS Institute), Belgrade  Dr Biljana Ilić, Institute for Testing of Materials (IMS Institute), Belgrade      1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP - SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF THE DANUBE LIMES, VIMINACIUM 2022    31  DANUBE LIMES IN SERBIA: ON THE WAY TO A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE – PROBLEMS, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS   NEMANJA MRĐIĆ Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia  IVANA KOSANOVIĆ Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia  MILICA MARJANOVIĆ Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia  ivana.kosanovic@yahoo.com  Since 1987, when the first part of the Roman Limes was inscribed to the UNESCO List of World Heritage, there has been an idea to unite this system, stretching over 5,000 km across the Roman provinces in Europe, the Near East and North Africa, into one big site – Frontiers of the Roman Empire (Ployer, Polak and Schmidt 2017). Apart from Hadrian’s and Antonine’s wall, the Lower Germanic, the Upper German-Raetian Limes and the western part of the Danube Limes have also been inscribed to this list so far. The Danube Limes was divided into two segments – western    1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP - SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF THE DANUBE LIMES, VIMINACIUM 2022    32  and eastern, with the parts in Germany, Slovakia and Austria already inscribed. The nomination of the eastern part of the Danube Limes is a joint project of four countries – Croatia, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria.  The Limes section in Serbia is 450 km long. Archaeological prospection and excavations have confirmed the existence of approximately 80 sites, 10 in the province of Pannonia Inferior and 70 in Moesia Superior (Korać et al. 2014). For the revised Tentative List, 35 sites were selected (Tentative List). The Serbian part of the Danube Limes is comprised of a large number of fortifications. It features a variety of sites – two legionary fortresses, several larger and smaller auxiliary forts, a few watchtowers, ports and civil settlements, as well as some unique features (Korać et al. 2014; Petrović 1996). During the preparation of the nomination dossier, the Serbian team (Institute of Archaeology Belgrade, The Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Serbia, and the Commission of the Republic of Serbia for UNESCO) encountered many problems and challenges. Despite the diverse and unique features on the Serbian part of the Limes, many sites have not been visited for decades since the excavations and conservation, so they are inaccessible, overgrown with weeds, some of them not even marked. Not a small number of them still have no legal status as a cultural property, and they are at risk from modern construction or looters.  Submission of the Tentative List in 2015, followed by the formation of the working group for the preparation of the nomination    1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WITH WORKSHOP - SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF THE DANUBE LIMES, VIMINACIUM 2022    33  in 2019, initiated and intensified the work on all these problems. The process of acquiring the legal protection for the sites has begun, and geophysical surveys and drone imagery have been conducted on many sites. The production of an archaeological map of Serbia with sites on the Limes as a test sample has started and some of the sites have been excavated systematically for the first time. Those sites that were submerged have been proven to still exist using underwater sonar surveys. The Danube Limes has been a point of interest of national and international projects in the last decade, ever since its promotion started with the projects Danube Limes Brand and Itinerarium Romanum Serbiae, more recently Living Danube Limes and MoDeCo2000, to name but a few of them.  Keywords – UNESCO, nomination, Danube, Limes, Roman frontier  References:  Korać, M. Golubović, S., Mrđić, N. Jeremić, G. and Pop-Lazić, S. 2014 Danube Limes in Serbia (Rimski limes u Srbiji), Belgrade: Institute of Archaeology.  Petrović, P. (ed.) 1996 Roman Limes on the Middle and Lower Danube, Belgrade: Institute of Archaeology.  Ployer, R., Polak, M. and Schidt, R. 2017 The Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Tematic Study and Proposed World Heritage Nomination Strategy, Vienna, Nijmegen and Munich: Bundesdenkmalamt Österreich, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege.  Tentative List  Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Danube Limes (Serbia) https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6475/ Accessed: 01. 06. 2022.  

Danube limes in Serbia: on the way to a UNESCO World heritage site – problems, challenges and solutions

http://rai.ai.ac.rs/bitstream/id/2084/bitstream_2084.pdf

Danube limes in Serbia: on the way to a UNESCO World heritage site – problems, challenges and solutions

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