Recently, the authorities in Lagos have implemented policies progressively restricting the operation of okadas (motorcycle taxis). We analyse the enforcement of these measures through the lens of Street Level Bureaucrats (SLBs) and Street Level Policy Entrepreneurs (SLPEs). Doing so, we introduce two novel features into the literature. First, the extant literature focuses primarily on policies that deliver public services, whereas policies can also control proscribed behaviour. We refer to these as service delivery and regulation, respectively. Second, the exercise of discretion by SLBs and SLPEs can result in both ‘under-enforcement’ and ‘over-enforcement’ of regulatory policies, the latter potentially involving breaking the law. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in Lagos between 2021 and 2023, we find strong evidence of both under- and over-enforcement of okada bans over time, but with more over-enforcement. This offers important insights conceptually for the SLPE literature, and empirically to the challenges of policing urban Lagos
