Spiro-derivatives as hole transporting materials for improving the performance of perovskite solar cells

Abstract

The Sun is the most powerful source of energy in the Earth's solar system, which, in part, can be exploited by all the inhabitants of the Earth. The optimal exploitation of the fraction that arrives on earth is, undoubtedly, among the most important challenges nowadays of science. To convert sun light into chemical energy, the first silicon-based device Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, prepared by Chapin in 1954 exhibiting an efficiency around 6% [1,2] used different semiconducting materials (inorganic, organic, molecular, polymeric, hybrids, quantum dots, etc.). Today the most promising technology to replace/complement crystalline silicon PV [3] are the Perovskites solar cells (PSCs) that emerged since 2009, achieving efficiencies of ~26 %. These results were obtained using commercially available spiro-OMeTAD as hole-transporting material (HTM) that are expensive materials due to its difficult purification and multi-step synthetic protocols (in harsh conditions) which limits its future use in large-scale applications. Considering the negative aspects related to the industrial production of the spiro-OMeTAD, we synthesized some intermediates necessary for the subsequent synthesis of four spiro-derivatives. Excellent results were obtained with some derivatives based on electron-rich spiranic scaffolds [4], synthesized by the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, carried out in toluene. In this way it was possible to obtain the spiro-PTZ functionalized, by making structural modifications to the previously obtained derivatives, the yield of this synthesis was around 21%. The compounds obtained were incorporated into perovskite solar cells providing efficiencies higher than the standard used (spiroOMeTAD). The devices have been tested under illumination and have shown good stability over time