학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 법과대학 법학과, 2023. 2. Yoo Min Won.The indigenous peoples' livelihood and cultural aspects are intrinsically connected with their traditional lands, which can affect their survival and existence as indigenous. The violation of rights to territories, lands, and resources is a common and significant problem experienced by indigenous communities worldwide. This thesis aims to bring a comparative overview between Brazil and the Philippines regarding their domestic indigenous peoples' land rights. Additionally, this study aims to provide insights into the international and regional legislation regarding indigenous land provisions and clarify the standards that must be applied to protect indigenous lands. This research applies a comparative analysis method, and the data was collected through a literature study, consisting mainly of books and digital data, particularly online journals, articles, and other secondary data related to indigenous peoples' lands within the UN, the regional and the domestic system, to reach a legal opinion. International instruments discussed in this study include the ILO Convention N. 169 and the UNDRIP as the universal legal standard for constructing indigenous rights. UN International Human Rights Conventions discussed in this thesis bring the possibilities to fill the legal void and expand the reach to the protection of indigenous land by considering indigenous concepts and legal standards of other international instruments. Regional systems considered in this research, the Inter-American System and the ASEAN system, include the regional social and legal specificities applied to the indigenous communities from each region. Constitution and Infra-constitutional legislation from Brazil and the Philippines discussed in this thesis reflect the legal standard included in the international legal framework, proving that the violation of indigenous lands is not a problem of legal inadequacy with the international instruments. The findings indicate that more than an improvement of the legal framework regarding indigenous land rights, it is necessary to improve the applicability of the existing provisions, especially in the domestic sphere. Furthermore, to properly apply the indigenous people's right to land, the system must consider the indigenous people's unique and indispensable concepts. Finally, the support from the State, which can be the indigenous people's main ally or enemy, is made necessary for the implementation of measures that effectively protect indigenous lands, without the support of the State, the legal instruments, no matter how advanced, are not enough for protection.
Keywords: indigenous peoples, land rights, international law, human rights, indigenous collective rights, traditional territori원주민들의 생계와 문화적 측면은 본질적으로 그들이 전통적으로 살아온 토지와 밀접하게 연계되어 있으며, 이는 그들의 원주민으로서의 생존과 존재에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 영토, 토지, 자원에 대한 권리침해는 전 세계 원주민 공동체가 공통적으로 경험하는 중대한 문제이다. 본 논문은 브라질과 필리핀의 자국 원주민 토지권에 대해 비교하고자 한다. 또한 본 연구의 목적은 원주민 토지 조항에 관한 국제적, 지역적 입법에 대한 통찰을 제공하고 원주민 토지 보호를 위해 반드시 적용되어야 할 기준을 명확히 하는 것이다. 본 연구는 비교분석 방법을 적용하였으며, 문헌연구를 통해 자료를 수집하였으며, 이는 주로 서적과 디지털 자료, 특히 온라인 저널, 기사, 기타 UN 내 원주민 토지와 관련된 2차 자료로 구성되어 법적 의견을 도출하였다. 본 연구에서 논의된 국제 기구는 원주민의 권리를 구성하기 위한 보편적인 법적 표준으로서 ILO 협약 제 169호와 UNDRIP를 포함한다. 본 논문에서 논의된 UN 국제인권협약은 다른 국제기구의 토착 개념과 법적 기준을 고려함으로써 법적 공백을 메우고 토착 토지의 보호 범위를 확대할 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다. 본 연구에서 고찰한 지역제도인 미주제도와 ASEAN제도는 각 지역의 토착공동체에 적용되는 지역사회적, 법적 특수성을 포함한다. 본 논문에서 논의된 브라질과 필리핀의 헌법 및 법령은 국제법적 틀에 포함된 법적 기준을 반영하여, 원주민 토지의 침해가 국제법 문서와의 불합치 문제가 아님을 입증한다. 본 연구는 원주민 토지권에 관한 법적 틀의 개선 보다는 국내 영역에서 기존 조항의 적용 가능성을 개선할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 나아가 원주민의 토지권이 제대로 적용되기 위해서는 원주민의 고유하고 없어서는 안 되는 개념이 제도적으로 고려되어야 한다. 마지막으로, 원주민의 주요 우방이자 적이 될 수 있는 국가의 지원은 원주민의 토지를 효과적으로 보호하는 조치의 시행을 위해 필요하게 되는데, 이는 국가의 지원 없이는 법적 수단이 아무리 발달해도 보호에 충분하지 않다.
키워드: 원주민, 토지권, 국제법, 인권, 원주민 집단권, 전통영토Introduction 1
Chapter 1: Historical Background and Important Concepts about Indigenous Peoples 6
1.1 Historical Background of Indigenous Peoples Land Rights and International Law 6
1.2 The term Indigenous 10
1.2.1 Summary 26
1.3 The term Peoples and Self-Determination 29
1.3.1 Summary 35
1.4 Collective Rights 36
1.4.1 Collective Rights and Indigenous Peoples 36
1.4.2 Summary 42
Chapter 2: Specific International Law Instruments for the Protection of Indigenous Peoples Rights 44
2.1 The ILO and Indigenous Lands 44
2.1.1 The creation of ILO Convention No. 107 45
2.1.2 Indigenous Peoples Lands Rights in ILO Convention No. 107 48
2.1.3 The creation of ILO Convention No. 169 56
2.1.4 Indigenous Peoples Lands Rights in ILO Convention No. 169 61
i. Article 13 of Convention No. 169: Lands and Territories and the Spiritual Relationship 63
ii. Article 14 of Convention No. 169: Rights of Ownership and Possession 66
iii. Article 15 of Convention No. 169: Natural Resources 69
iv. Article 16 of Convention No. 169: Removal from Their Land 72
2.1.5 Summary 75
2.2 UNDRIP and Indigenous Lands 79
2.2.1 The creation of UNDRIP 79
2.2.2 Indigenous Peoples Rights to Lands, Territories, and Resources 85
i. Article 25 of UNDRIP: Spiritual Relationship with Traditionally Owned, Occupied, and Used Lands, Territories, and Resources 85
ii. Article 26 of UNDRIP: Rights to Own, Use, Develop, and Control Lands, Territories, and Resources 88
iii. Article 27 of UNDRIP: Process to Recognize and Adjudicate Lands, Territories, and Resources. 93
iv. Article 10 of UNDRIP: Removal from Lands, Territories, and Resources 95
2.2.3 Summary 98
Chapter 3: Protection of Indigenous Peoples Land Rights under UN Human Rights Instruments 101
3.1 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 103
3.1.1 Indigenous Peoples Land Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 105
3.2 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 108
3.2.1 Indigenous Peoples Land Rights and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 109
3.3 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 116
3.3.1 Indigenous Peoples Land Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 117
3.4 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 124
3.5 Summary 132
Chapter 4: Protection of Indigenous Peoples Land Rights in Regional Systems 139
4.1 South America 139
4.1.1 Overview of the Organization of American States 140
4.1.2 Overview of the Inter-American Human Rights System 144
i. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 145
ii. Inter-American Court on Human Rights 150
iii. Inter-American Human Rights System and Brazil 154
4.1.3 Indigenous Peoples Land Claims under Property Rights 155
i. American Convention on Human Rights 155
ii. American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 159
iii. Cases 163
Comunidad Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni vs. Nicarágua (2001) 163
Comunidad Sawhoyamaxa vs. Paraguay (2006) 165
Pueblo Saramaka vs. Suriname (2007) 167
Comunidad Yakye Axa vs. Paraguay (2005) 169
Povo Indígena Xucuru e seus membros vs. Brasil (2018) 171
4.1.4 Summary 172
4.2 Southeast Asia 176
4.2.1 Overview of Indigenous Peoples in Southeast Asia 177
i. Definition of Indigenous Peoples in Southeast Asia 178
ii. Indigenous Peoples and Lands Issues in Southeast Asia 181
iii. Indigenous Peoples in Southeast Asia and Environmental Protection Measures 183
iv. Indigenous Peoples in Southeast Asia and National Development Policy 186
v. Asian values and Indigenous Peoples 187
4.2.2 Overview of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations 189
i. ASEAN Charter and Indigenous Peoples 191
ii. ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 193
iii. ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC) 195
iv. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) 198
v. ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) 199
vi. ASEAN Human Rights Declaration 202
4.2.3 Summary 204
Chapter 5: Protection of Indigenous Peoples Land Rights in Domestic Jurisdiction 207
5.1 Indigenous Peoples Land Rights in Brazil 207
5.1.1 Indigenous Peoples Land Rights in the Brazilian Constitution 207
5.1.2 Indigenous Peoples Land Rights in the Brazilian Infra-constitutional Legislation 212
5.1.3 Brazilian Cases 217
5.2 Indigenous Peoples Land Rights in the Philippines 224
5.2.1 Indigenous Peoples Land Rights in the Philippines Constitution 224
5.2.2 Indigenous Peoples Land Rights in the Philippines Infra-constitutional Legislation 231
5.2.3 The Philippines Cases 239
i. Isagani Cruz and Cesar Europa vs. Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (2000) 240
ii. Nicasio I. Alcantara vs. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2008) 244
6. Conclusion 247
Bibliography 259
Korean Abstract 279석
