This chapter focuses on the most prolific period of eye-tracking research in Translation Studies considered against the broad backdrop of the four eras of eye-tracking-based research in other disciplines that have used eye-tracking experiments for several decades. Subdivided into two sections, the chapter offers a contextualisation of eye tracking whilst first asserting the widely accepted relationship between visual attention and cognitive effort. By mapping out this emergent niche in Translation Studies, observations on the diachronic developments and the synchronic demands of eye-tracking research in Translation Studies are brought to the attention of the readers. In its desire to contextualise the field, the chapter raises critical questions regarding current methodologies and data analysis in Translation Studies research within this niche and correlated experiment-based approaches. The chapter goes on in the second part to discuss future developments in the field with opportunities to triangulate eye-tracking data in multi-sensorial experiments, by adopting additional complex tools to measure other physiological responses, as part of a broader encapsulation of the body-mind relationship into our conceptualisations of cognitive effort. In its final remarks, the chapter looks at a broader reconceptualisation of the discipline in relation to the growing cross-disciplinary demands of any holistic experimental approach to evidence-based studies of translation phenomena
