DATA AVAILABILITY : Raw reads from Ballito Bay A samples are available under the NCBI BioProject PRJEB22660. The R. felis BBayA mapped reads and the metagenome-assembled genome are available under the NCBI BioProject PRJNA930765. The NCBI WGS accession number is JAQQRK000000000.The Stone Age record of South Africa provides some of the earliest evidence for the biological and cultural origins of Homo sapiens. While there is extensive genomic evidence for the selection of polymorphisms in response to pathogen-pressure in sub-Saharan Africa, e.g., the sickle cell trait which provides protection against malaria, there is inadequate direct human genomic evidence for ancient human-pathogen infection in the region. Here, we analysed shotgun metagenome libraries derived from the sequencing of a Later Stone Age hunter-gatherer child who lived near Ballito Bay, South Africa, c. 2000 years ago. This resulted in the identification of ancient DNA sequence reads homologous to Rickettsia felis, the causative agent of typhus-like flea-borne rickettsioses, and the reconstruction of an ancient R. felis genome.A National Geographic Society Scientific Exploration Grant, the Oppenheimer Endowed Fellowship in Molecular Archaeology, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.https://www.nature.com/commsbiohj2023BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant Patholog
