Anderson, NJ

Battarbee, RW

English

UCL Discovery

WORKING PAPER NO. 10LOCH FLEET: BATHYI4ETRY AND SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTIONN.J. ANDERSONANDR. \'/. BATTARBEEPROGRESS REPORT FOR THE CEGB-SSEB LOCH FLEET PROJECTHARCH 1985Palaeoecology Research Unit, U.C.L.- 1 -CEGB-SSEB LOCH FLEET PROJECTPROGRESS REPORT, MARCH 1985Bathymetric surveyA bathymetric survey of Loch Fleet was carried out during thelast week of July 1984. x, y co-ordinates were determined usingplane tables and polar alidades from two shore stations and the base-line distance was fixed trigonometrically using a standard theodolite.z was determined using a calibrated Elliot graphic echo-sounder (modelGSOOS/2) mounted in an inflatable boat. X, Y and z point fixes wereco-ordinated by CB radio during continuous traversing and the positionand frequency of points was decided subjectively according to thefrequency of slope changes indicated by the echo-sounder. In all 353points were located with a mean X, y precision of approximately 3 metresand a z precision of 12.5 cm.The fixed points were subsequently digitised and contoured usingthe MAPICS digital mapping system. Figures 1 and 2 show the distributionof points and the contoured bathymetry respectively. Morphometric datawere calculated using software supplied by Mapics Ltd., and Table 1 showsdata for lake area and lake volume and other morphometric variables.1984 1910 (Murray and Pullar)Area (ha) 17.06 18.133 6 1.166Vol (m ) 1.051 x 10 x 10Z (m)16.80 16.45maxZ (m) 6.15 6.64Table 1 Comparison of bathymetric data for Loch Fleet. Surveyed July1984 during low water level conditions. Water surface 55 cmbelow temporary bench mark chiselled into granite boulder.- 2 -The lake was originally surveyed by Murray and Pullar in 1910,and Figure 3 shows a copy of their results. Table 1 compares themorphometric data. Although the Murray and Pullar survey was carriedout in considerably less detail the morphometric values are very similar.Sediment samplingBoth surface sediment sampling and sediment coring were carriedout during July 1984. Surface sediment samples were needed to assessthe spatial distribution of diatoms in the accumulating zone of the lake,to provide samples for chemical analysis, and in order to make a map ofsediment type. Sediment cores were required to evaluate recent sedimentstratigraphy and to choose the most suitable COre for detailed analysis.All sites were fixed by shore survey as described above.1. Kajak coring. Short surface sediment cores were taken with theKajak corer at 29 sites in zones where organic mud is accumulating~Each of the short cores was extruded in the boat and the 0-1 cm samplewas retained for diatom analysis e The remaining sediment was discardedeThe location of these sites is shown in Figure 4.be carried out on all these sampleseDiatom analysis will2. Ekman grab sampling. Ekman grab samples were taken at the samestations as the Kajak samples, in the zone of organic sediment accumulation,as well as throughout the rest of the lake basin where minerogenic sedimentsoccurred. Only in areas of the lake bottom covered by boulders or solidrock was it impossible to take samples. The distribution of these sitesis shown in Figure 5 and a map of sediment types based an these samplesis shown in Figure 6. Since no grain-size analyses have been carried outdivisions between categories are subjectively based on a x 20 stereoscopice:~amination o~ the samples and on loss on iqnition values. A contour- 3 -map of these values is sho~m in Figure 7. Table 2 gives details ofsediment type according to the Troels-Smith classification and listsloss on ignition values for individual samples. Subsamples of theEkman grab material have been sent to Dr. Gordon Glover, NeB Rotherham,for chemical and mineralogical analysis.EkmanNo.% LOI Troels-Smith EkmanNo.% LOI Troels-Smith12345678910111220212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454629.3245.1651.0944.1745.0651.8052.5843.042.0532.555.072.5448.0442.115.5344.331.677.491.5141. 7436.0250.4947.3747.0147.1344.4446.121.5142.818.19o22.541.335.881. 731.321.6842.2948.96Ld3 DglLd4 Dg+Ld4 Dg+Ld4 Dg+Ld4 Dg+Ld4 Og+Ld4 Og+ Ag+Ld4 Og+As2 Agl GalLd3 GslGg4Gg3 LdlLd4 Dg+ Ga+Ld4 Og+ Ga+Ld3 GalLd4 Dg+Gs3 Ldl Dg+Ld4 Ga+Gs3 Ggl Ld+ Og+Ld3 Gal Dg+Ld4 Dg+Ld4 Dl+Ld4 Og+Ld4 Dg+Ld4 Og+Ld4 Og+Ld4 Dg+Ga2 Asl AglLd4 Ga+ Dg+Ag3 Ldl0*Ld4 Dg+ Ag+Gg3 Gsl Ld+Gg3 Gsl Ld+As3 GalAs2 Agl GalAs3 Agl GalLd4 Ga+Ld4 Og+4748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858616.962.0123.761.2129.186.581.502.351.04ooo5.149.1424.881. 701.371.36o1.97o14.071.8111.1928.57o1. 731. 782.695.591.35oooooo25.8740.673.15As2 Ag1 LdlAs3 GalLd4 Og+As2 Agl GalLd4 Ag+ Dg+Gs2 Ld2 Dg+As2 Dgl GalGg2 Asl AglGg3 Asl Ld+0*Stony/Hoss0*Gs3 Ldl Dg+Ld2 Gal Asl Dg+Ld4 Ga+ Dg+Gg3 LdlGg4 Ld4Gg4 Ld+Stony/HossAs3 GalLFe4 iron oxide concretionLd4 Ga+ Dg+Gg4 Ld+Ld4 Ga+ Dg+Ld4 Ga+ Og+0*Gg3 LdlGg3 Gal Ld+Gs2 As2 Ld+As3 AglGs3 Ldl0*Stony/Hoss0*0*Stony/Hoss0*Ld3 AglLd3 Agl Dg+Gs3 Ldl* = No retrieval.Table 2 % loss-on-ignition and Troels-Smith classification for Ekman grabsamples.ReferencesBattarbee, R.W., Appleby, P.G., Odell, K. and Flower, R.J. 1985210pb dating of Scottish lake sediments, afforestation andaccelerated soil erosion. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms10, 137-142.Murray, J. and Pullar, L. 1910 Bathymetrical Survey of the ScottishFresh-water Lochs Vol. 5, Edinburgh: Challenger Office.ILOCH FLEETDISTRIBUTION OF SURVEYED POINTS.'.£,.N' ..'.'.....:.....':..... .'••••••••'.•, .••.. '. ,,•"............•'.•••,, .••,.,,••,,••,,•••••,·••,•'.'.,,• •·•,.•, ,•••••,,,,",,,•• •••,•, "•8,•,••• •,••••,, ..•••.....,,,•••,,••••••,.....•,••••,•••·..,••• ••,•· ,• •'.•••'.•••,••••••,•,•••,.•"••,••,••••,••,.'•••'.,,•·'•·,,,•,•,••.........••••,•,....••,:,,.......·,,"'"•,,."~II'.'.250 metresFig. 1 Distribution of points used to derive bathymetry.ILOCH FLEET BATHYMETRY I.....,,'............."'""......... .....""conlour Inlerval: 1 melre250 melre.Fig. 2 Bathymetry,"...."""""lAN....1_10 _'-155'4"75'AltiwhatLOCH 'fLEET(F LEET BASIN)SURVEYED IN 1903 BYJAMES :M roRRAYHeight of Surf ace of Waterabove Sea. Level, 1112"9 feet4°75'55'Fig. 3 Bathymetry as surveyed by Murray and Pu11ar (1910)"I LOCH FLEET!LOCATION OF KAJAK CORE SAMPLESCORED JULY 1984" .AN......:.'..... ~....25e....23 ",eo',34Gl'ltof!".: : 4.: e21 .' .'e ... ··20 .. '3: e ..'e: ":2e1 3De e: .'29 ,,".Gl8·, :El v.'5El ••.•32e'.'"49e.,:: ;....6 '.'.Gl33e.. ''.'.'.7e'.". 10ae·e .46e'.35'·383 ".eI. I·····1I.5· ......'.'.. 10"...........70Gl71e........51 "e,,".............. ..............250 metresFig. 4 Location of Kayak core samples.ILOCH FLEET IANl···.. .................... \. .. .LOCATION OF EKMAN GRAB SAMPLESCORED JULY 1984..... ........ ~' .. ' .. '...26$ 25$ . ". '.....6362 e$.. 64$'.57 65$66$67 $$59"55 ". :Ell 6sJO'." "·m 68: $70 •$ .46$".109 12Se.!" 11 $e ". e34 ..$'.7Ell'. ..•. 5453: e" .. ' ..47"$ :..... \'<......'.' ..33$...52"6 ::"·,Sef·..........'.5$49:.50 $..,51".'..32$·S1$ ..23$ ...': ,:" e.............30$: .21$ .····20 ...3·' $ ..."" : :~. .2$:: 2$:1lYcl! $" 75:74 e::e :73 .:--__,$NB. Grabs not retrieved at all sites81"S2$80 79" ".......250 metresFig. 5 Location of Ekman Grab samples~Loch Fleet Surface Sediment.. ".....' ..'..'.........' ............. '.... .............'.'.lOO melres.'." ... .'.".' .." .......Nt' ....•[IJ... .. .. .. ..:..:.:.:.:.:~~Fig. 6Organic sedlmenl1().3Q% lo.....,n-Ignhion.30% lo.....,n-lgnltlonUlle-glaclal sills/clays alsurface; localised rocksSolid rock wllh localised pelches of sills & grevelsSandJsllts & gravels wilh localised rocks; pelches of claysDistribution of main surface sediment types.R.lal/on.hlp of fh. aonfaurrt fa fh••horrtlln. t. approxlm;n.Organla matl.r : p.m.nf lo..-on-I(;nfflon of 550°0 ....ILOCH FLEET IDISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC I.4ATIER.......'.......... ,...... ': .....'.'"".'" ..... ......'.'. .' .' .".A-NFig. 7 Distribution of organic matter J as determined by loss-on-ignition.ILOCH FLEET ILOCATION OF MINICORES AND L1VINGSTONE CORESCORED JULY 1984" .lAN.. ,......... ' .:13:e4i,:',:z, .....- ,'09 ",.17"e .'" . .15llJ·"'2.4eo.11e". "18:..: 20e.-21,,- e19e....2e~.e··23e1.2 6If) e:1:::;. 5: °13 ".6". \<.,',.'.. 0.9"El :.' .8e10:ea:Ell Mcckereth Mlnlcoreso L1vlngstone Cores......... ...... ............." ..5, '...... .250 metresFig. 8 Location of Mackereth minicores and Livingstone cores.M1 M5 M6 M11,a~2a3Il~ "Iil SI!~ "B""9ll'00 , ,a 2a 3Il 1a SIl " " " • " 2a 3Il i' SIl " a " 2a 3Il " SIl " " a " 29 3Il i' SIl " "~ ~ ~ ~fj 3 M7 M12 M8"l'! 2a~ :la~ 1a~ Sll; "5""sa-------'006 " 2' 311 ia Sll " 76 "," 1Il :la " sa " 76,'6 2a :la i' SIl " " 00,'6 2a 311 1a sa " " "~ ~ ~ ~M15 M2, M10 M,-=-"l'! 2a91 :laVI~ i6~ SIl!;gj "57'00'00 ,'6 2a :la ia sa " " a la 2a :la i6 sa " 76 "," 1Il :la i' SIl " " '6 2ll 311 i6 SIl~ ~ ~ ~Fig. 9a % LOI Mackereth minicores.~ '-,._._-- .~ .~.~_._-_._._._~_._.-I~I Ml~15 Mo Mll M3 M7 M12 _ Ma~~ I'iJj se; saB7'00salOO ," "," "," " a " " 3lI a la " a la " a " " a la " 3lI la se sa 7a~ ~ , , , , , ,a_ M15 M2L Ml0 ML"eJ "<~ 3lI~ ":5ill sa1;r-ill '"5 7'"'"100 <. <' .,., ..," " 3lI la s, sa 7' "," 2' la la se '" 7B, le " la 19 se sa 7a " 9 10 " la la se '" 7' "% % , ,Fig. 9b % Dry \1eight Nackereth minicores.0 Ll L2102830l:':i 'Ill<:~ saen~ se@70en""""~ BeEl se1001101281301'100 10 28 30 ~0 sa se 70 0 10 28 30 ~0 sa se 70% %Fig. lOa % LOI Livingstone cores.8 Ll L22938w 18u<:~ setn~ seEa78tn""<::>g BeEl se1001181291381188 18 29 38 18 se se e 18 29:{ %Fig. lOb % Dry weight Livingstone cores.PALAEOECOLOGY RESEARCH mlITWORKING PAPERSNo 1No 2Patrick, S. & Battarbee, R.W. 1981 The influence of sanitaryand other social changes on the eutrophication of Lough Ernesince 1850: Project introduction and a consideration of thepotential role of metabolic wastes. 43 pp.Battarbee, R.W. 1983 Diatom analysis of River Thamesforeshore deposits exposed during the excavation of a Romanwaterfront site at Pudding Lane, London. 18 pp.No 3 Patrick, s. & Battarbee, R.W.Lough Erne catchment: Historyloadings. 26 pp.1983 Rural sanitation in theand influence on phosphorusNo 4 Patrick, S. 1983 The calculation of per capita phosphorusoutputs from detergents in the Lough Erne catchment. 23 pp.No 5 Patrick, S.Erne region.1983 Phosphorus loss at sewage works in the Lough36 pp.No 6 Flower, R.J. & Battarbee, R.W. 1983 Acid lakes in the Gallowayuplands, South West Scotland: catchments, water quality andsediment characteristics. 56 pp.No 7 Patrick, S. 1984 The influence ofloadings in the Lough Erne region.industry on phosphorus46 pp.No 8 Battarbee, R.W. and Flower, R.J.for the timing and causes of lakesouthwest Scotland. 79 pp.1985 Palaeoecological ev~cenceacidification in Galloway,No 9 Raven, P.J. 1985quality changes in76 pp.The use of aquatic macrophytes to assess watersome Galloway lochs; an exploratory study.For copies or further information, please contact Dr. R.W. Battarbee,Palaeoecology Research Unit, Department of Geography, University CollegeLondon, 26 Bedford Way, London WCIH OAP.

Loch Fleet: bathymetry and sediment distribution

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Loch Fleet: bathymetry and sediment distribution

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