Card, D.

Dustmann, C.

Preston, I.

English

UCL Discovery

Values, Experiences and Attitudes: A Cross-National Analysis of Opinions on Immigration in EuropeDavid Card, Christian Dustmann and Ian PrestonPresentation for Measuring attitudes and values in Europe. European Social Survey Launch ConferenceBrussels 25-26 November 2003Structure of Talk• Simple Illustration of some key questions regarding immigration, immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers• Relate responses to macro-economic indicators of response countries• Relate responses on immigration to some key individual characteristics• Present partial correlation coefficients relating responses to individuals’ opinionModule on Immigrants and Refugee Applicants• Module: developed by Bauer, Card, Dustmann, Nazroo, and Preston, in co-operation with ESS.• Includes about 40 questions on Immigrants, refugee applicants, and minorities• Questions about: i) Perceived and desired numbers, ii) Believes on impact, iii) immigration criteria, iv) Tolerance and interactionImmigrants as percentage of populationForeign Population: Fact and OpinionPercent foreign population perceivedForeign population: fact and opinionPercent foreign population (OECD) 0 10 20 300102030CHCZESFIGBHU IENLNOPLPTSESupport for Liberal Immigration Policy: Same / Different Ethnicity than Majority Population1: allow many; -1: allow nonAllow for more immigrants -.5-.250.25.5 Same Ethnicity than Majority  Different Ethnicity than MajoritScandinavia Northern_Europe Central_Europe Southern_Europe IsraelQualification for Immigrants: Education, wealth and work skills needed1: allow many; -1: allow nonQualification for Immigration-.5-.250.25.5 Good educational qualifications  Work skills needed in country Be wealthyScandinavia Northern_EuropeCentral_EuropeSouthern_Europe IsraelQualification for Immigrants: Language, family links and commitment to way of life 1: agree strongly; -1:disagree stronglyQualification for Immigration-.5-.250.25.5 Close family living here  Commited to way of life  Speak country's  languageScandinavia Northern_EuropeCentral_EuropeSouthern_Europe IsraelImmigrants: Job creation and beneficial for the economy1: agree strongly; -1:disagree stronglyImmigration and Economy-.5-.250.25.5 Immigrants create jobs  Immigration good for economyScandinavia Northern_EuropeCentral_EuropeSouthern_Europe IsraelImmigrants: Same traditions and Language1: agree strongly; -1:disagree stronglyImmigrants, Traditions and Language-.5-.250.25.5 Better if everyone same customs  Better if everyone speaks languaScandinavia Northern_EuropeCentral_EuropeSouthern_Europe IsraelRefugee applicants: Are claims true, and should they be detained?1: agree strongly; -1:disagree stronglyRefugee applicants -.5-.250.25.5 Most are not persecuted  Refugee applicants - detentionScandinavia Northern_Europe Central_Europe Southern_Europe IsraelImmigration and emigration – Comparison with EC1: more; -1:lessImmigrants Numbers - Comparisson-.5-.250.25.5 Country's number of immigrants  Emigrating vs immigratingScandinavia Northern_EuropeCentral_EuropeSouthern_Europe IsraelRefugee applicants: financial support and work permits1: agree strongly; -1:disagree stronglyRefugee applicants-.5-.250.25.5 Asylum seekers allowed to work  Financial support to refugee appScandinavia Northern_EuropeCentral_EuropeSouthern_Europe IsraelResponses and Macro-Economic Indicators• This section relates particular aspects of attitudes to economic indicators in the various countries • Macro-information is drawn from The World Bank and from the OECD• Macro-data refer to 2001 in most casesOpinion on further immigration and stock of foreign born population1: agree strongly; -1:disagree stronglyAllow for more immigrantsPercent foreign population (OECD) 0 2 4 6-.5-.250.25.5CZESFI GBHUIENLNO PLPTSEOpinion on further immigration and unemployment rate1: agree strongly; -1:disagree stronglyAllow for more immigrantsunemployment rate 0 5 10 15-.5-.250.25.5CHCZESFI GBGRHUIE ILNLNO PLPTSESIOpinion on further immigration and GDP1: agree strongly; -1:disagree stronglyAllow for more immigrants imatt3gdp per cap, constant 95 US$ 3500 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000-.5-.250.25.5CHCZESFI GBGRHUIE ILNLNO PLPTSESIEconomic Benefits of Immigration and GDP-1: bad; 1:goodImmigration bad/good for economygdp per cap, constant 95 US$ 3500 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000-.5-.250.25.5CHCZESFIGBGRHUIEIL NLNOPLPTSESIOpinion on Immigration and Individual Characteristics• Are there systematic differences in the way individuals’ opinion towards further immigration varies with observed characteristics?• How are individuals’ opinion towards further immigration related to their concerns about the economy/crime/welfare and fears of cultural alienation?Opinion towards further immigration, by age and education1: many; -1:noneAllow for more Immigrants, by Age and Educationedlev Age 14-30  Age 31-40 Age 41-50  Age 51-60below_se secondar tertiary-.250.25Opinion towards further immigration, by education and political opinion1: many; -1:noneAllow for more Immigrants, by Ideologyedlev Left  Centre Rightbelow_se secondar tertiary-.250.25Regressions• All regressions include country dummies, age dummies, education dummies, and a variable for genderDependent Variable: Allow many/few immigrantscountry's cultural life enriched  0.018 (12.44)**immigrants make country better place 0.029 (17.03)**immigrants make country's crime problems better 0.017 (11.44)**immigrants create new jobs 0.001 (1.07)Immigration: good for economy 0.039 (24.84)**taxes and services: immigrants take out less 0.011 (7.75)**Dependent Variable: Allow many/few immigrantsTV watching (total average time)  -0.037(6.24)**TV watching, news/ politics           0.036 (3.94)**Newspaper read. (tot. aver. time) -0.055 (4.57)**Newspaper read. (politics)  0.13 (8.01)**Dependent Variable: Allow many/few immigrantsMost people can be trusted 0.107 (15.79)**Most people try to be fair 0.040 (5.74)**Future Work• Characterize in more depth differences in attitudes towards immigrants, minorities, and refugees in different countries in the European area, as well as the US, Australia, and Canada• Develop and evaluate alternative hypotheses about the sources of these differences. • Develop an overarching model of attitudinal responses that recognizes the intertemporal and dynastic dimension of opinion formation.• Analyse the way opinion formation interacts with the economic and political process.

Values, experience and attitudes: a cross-national analysis of opinions on immigration in Europe

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