The objective of this present study was to examine the physico-chemical properties of Indigofera zollingeriana seed oil. Physico-chemical parameters of oils are important in the determination of edibility and other industrial applications. All the laboratory analysis were carried out using standard procedures according to AOAC (2000). The acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, saponfication value, refractive index and free fatty acids of cold pressed Indigofera zollingeriana seed oil was found to be 17.11 mg NaOH/g, 23.04 meq/kg, 180.4 gI2/100g, 118.7 mg/KOH/g and 14.10 %. The refractive index (20oC) and specific gravity (25oC) was 2.01 and 1.02 respectively. The extracted oil was Indigo in colour at liquid state. It was concluded the oil has a high acid value, peroxide value and free fatty acid which favours the use of the oil for industrial use such as soap production and cosmetics

ADEDEJI, M. O.

ALAGBE, J. O.

COMFORT, WYEDIA DABARA

HABIBA, Z.

NWOSU, GLORIA

English

Asian Journal of Advances in Medical Science

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________  *Corresponding author: Email: dralagbe1@yahoo.com;   Original Research Article Asian Journal of Advances in Medical Science    3(1): 432-434, 2021      PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF  Indigofera zollingeriana SEED OIL     J. O. ALAGBE a*, M. O. ADEDEJI b, Z. HABIBA b, GLORIA NWOSU b  AND WYEDIA DABARA COMFORT b a Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Sumitra Research Institute Gujarat, India. b Department of Animal Science, University of Abuja, Nigeria.  AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS  This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.    Received: 24 September 2021 Accepted: 29 November 2021 Published: 01 December 2021   ABSTRACT  The objective of this present study was to examine the physico-chemical properties of Indigofera zollingeriana seed oil. Physico-chemical parameters of oils are important in the determination of edibility and other industrial applications. All the laboratory analysis were carried out using standard procedures according to AOAC (2000). The acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, saponfication value, refractive index and free fatty acids of cold pressed Indigofera zollingeriana seed oil was found to be 17.11 mg NaOH/g, 23.04 meq/kg, 180.4 gI2/100g, 118.7 mg/KOH/g and 14.10 %. The refractive index (20oC) and specific gravity (25oC) was 2.01 and 1.02 respectively. The extracted oil was Indigo in colour at liquid state. It was concluded the oil has a high acid value, peroxide value and free fatty acid which favours the use of the oil for industrial use such as soap production and cosmetics.   Keywords: Indigofera zollingeriana; physico-chemical; edible; industrial applications; fatty acid.  1. INTRODUCTION  Indigofera zollingeriana is a leguminous plant belonging to the family Papilionaceae. It had been cultivated and highly valued for centuries as main source of indigo dye, leading to its common names “true indigo” and “common indigo [1,2]. It is one of the widely used forage plant species used in Asia due to high quality forage production and adaptability to drought stress under tropic conditions (Herdiawan and Sutedi, 2012).   The plant has protein rich leaves and seeds with low tannin, lignin and cellulose contents, utilisable fibre (NDF and ADF) and high dry matter digestibility [3,4]. Alagbe and Omokore [5] reported that top leaf meal of I. zollingeriana contains 29.98% crude protein, 3.30% crude fat, 8.49% crude fiber, 0.52% calcium and 0.34% phosphorus. Indigofera plays important roles in increasing animal production and feed efficiency and also contains several secondary metabolites such as: alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, terpenoids, tannins and so on [6,7]. This plant has a wide range of adaptation to various environmental conditions, tolerates to drought, light floods, and moderate salinity [3].   Seeds from I. zollingeriana have also been reported to be rich in minerals, vitamins, amino acid and phytochemicals which can inhibit the growth of     Alagbe et al.; AJOAIMS, 3(1): 432-434, 2021    433  pathogenic microorganism, improve palatability and voluntary intake in animals [2,8]. Physico-chemical analysis of seed oil is important in the determination of edibility and other industrial applications (Zubair et al., 2018).   2. MATERIALS AND METHODS  2.1 Experimental Site  The research was carried out in the Department of Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Sumitra Research Institute Gujarat, India.   2.2 Collection, Identification and Processing of Indigofera zollingeriana  Mature and healthy seeds from Indigofera zollingeriana were harvested from different trees within the research institute. It was identified and authenticated by a certified taxonomist Professor Zing Liu and assigned a voucher specimen number STR/09R5. The seeds were sorted to remove the bad ones and mechanically separated from their pods with knife to obtain the seeds. It was later shade dried for 14 days to maintain the bioactive chemicals in the seeds and stored in a clean labeled container for further analysis.   2.3 Extraction of Indigofera zollingeriana Oil  Extraction of Indigofera zollingeriana oil (IZO) was done using a cold press machine (Model: YZYX168, Yaun, China). The dried Indigofera zollingeriana seed (2000 g) was poured at into the feeder of the machine which works at a low temperature and IZO was collected via the squeeze cage, the process of extraction took 10 minutes.  2.4 Physico-chemical Analysis  Refractive index, acid value, peroxide value, saponfication value, pH, iodine value, specific gravity and free fatty acid were determined using Association of Analytical Chemist [9] and analytical techniques of British Pharmacopoeia (1980).  3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  Physicochemical composition of Indigofera zollingeriana oil is presented in Table 1. The extracted oil was Indigo in colour at liquid state. Acid value, saponification, iodine, peroxide values ranged between 17.11 (mg NaOH/g of oil), 118.7 (mg/KOH/g of oil), 180.4 (gI2/100g of oil) and 23.04 (meq/kg) respectively. Refractive index is the ratio of the velocity of light in vacuum to the velocity of light in the medium is an indication of the level of saturation of the oil [10]. The iodine value obtained in this experiment indicates that it is above the normal recommended range for edible oil by WHO (2007). Iodine value is a measure of degree of unsaturation and it is an identity of seed oils, making it an excellent raw material for soaps and cosmetic industries (Joulang and Konig, 1998). Oils with iodine value less than 100 gI2/100g of oil are non-drying oils; correspondingly, Franz et al. [11,12] reported that the lower the iodine value the lesser the number of unsaturated bonds; thus the lower the susceptibility of such oil to oxidative rancidity. High acid value in the oil showed that the oil may not be suitable for use in cooking (edibility), however, be useful for production of paints, liquid soaps, shampoos and other industrial applications [11]. Saponification value is a measure of oxidation during storage and also indicates deterioration of the oils [13,14]. Free fatty acid in Indigofera zollingeriana oil is higher than the acceptable limits for edible oils. Its maximum limit is 4 mg/KOH/g oil (CODEX, 1992) for recommended international standards for edible oil. Peroxide value is a measure of peroxides contained in the oil and used in determining the degree of spoilage. The standard peroxide value for edible oils which have not undergone rancidity must be well below10 meq/kg [12,15].   Table 1. Physicochemical properties of Indigofera zollingeriana oil  Parameter Composition *WHO (edible oil) Colour Indigo NS Odour Agreeable NS State Liquid - Acid value (mg NaOH/g of oil) 17.11 3.80 – 4.00 Saponification value (mg/KOH/g of oil) 118.7 170.0 – 181.0 Iodine value (gI2/100g of oil) 180.4 100.0 – 150.0 Peroxide value (meq/Kg) 23.04 10.0 Refractive index at (20oC) 2.01 1.47 – 1.51 Specific gravity at (25oC) 1.02 0.80 – 0.84 % Free fatty acid 14.10 5.78 -7.28 *WHO [16]     Alagbe et al.; AJOAIMS, 3(1): 432-434, 2021    434  4. CONCLUSION  It was concluded that Indigofera zollingeriana seed is not edible oil because of its high acid value, peroxide value and free fatty acids. Their physico-chemical property reveals that it is suitable for industrial applications. Indigofera zollingeriana seeds are rich sources of several secondary metabolites and could be considered as a natural growth promoter in livestock production.  CONSENT  It is not applicable.  ETHICAL APPROVAL  It is not applicable.  COMPETING INTERESTS  Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.  REFERENCES  1. Ali, Abdullah L, Karti P, Chozin M, Astuti D. Production and nutritive value of Indigofera zollingeriana and Leucaena leucocephala in peatland. Animal Production. 2015;16:156-164. 2. Alagbe JO, Shittu MD, Ushie FT. GC-MS analysis of methanolic stem bark extract of Indigofera zollingineriana. Asian Journal of Advances in Research. 2021;11(4):144-146. 3. Abdullah L. Herbage production and quality of shrub indigofera treated by different concentration of foliar fertilizer. Journal of Crop Science. 2010;33:169-175. 4. Alagbe JO. Performance and haemato-biochemical parameters of weaner rabbits fed diets supplemented with dried water melon rind meal. Journal of Dairy and Veterinary Sciences. 2018;8(4):555741. DOI: 10.19080/JDVS.2018.08.555741. 5. Alagbe JO, Omokore EA. Effect of replacing soya bean meal with Indigofera zollingeriana leaf meal on the performance and carcass characteristics of growing rabbits. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development. 2019;6(5):70-74. 6. Alagbe JO, Shittu MD, Bamigboye SO, Oluwatobi OO. Proximate and mineral analysis of Pentadiplandra brazzeana stem bark. Electronic research Journal of Engineering, Computer and Applied Sciences. 2019;1:91-99. 7. Palupi R, Abdullah DA, Astuti,                      Sumiati. Potensi dan pemanfaatan                    tepung pucuk Indigofera sp. Sebagaibahanpakansubstitusibungkilkedelaidalamransu mayampetelur. JITV. 2014;19:210-219. 8. Alagbe JO, Oluwafemi RA. Growth performance of weaner rabbits fed noni and moringa olifera leaf mixture as partial replacement of soya bean meal. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 2019;7(2):185-                   195. 9. A.O.A.C. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis 19th Edition Washington, D.C. 2000;69-77. 10. Isman M, Machial C, Miresmailli S, Bainard L. Essential oil based pesticides: new insights from old chemistry in: Ohkawa Wiley-VCH, Weinheim Germany. 2007;201-209. 11. Franz AR, Knaak N, Fiuza LM. Toxic effects of essential plant oils in adult Sitophilus oryzae. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. 2011;55:116-120. 12. Olayemi RF, Jawonisi IO, Samuel JA. Characterization and physiochemical analysis of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2018;11(1):74-81. 13. Hedges LJ, Lister CE. Nutritional attributes of Brassica vegetables Crop and Food Confidential report no. 1618. New Zea Insti Crop & Food Res Ltd. 2006;46. 14. Codex Standard. Codex Alimentarius in named vegetable oils. 2001;8:210. 15. Aremu MO, Olanisakin BO, Atolaye BO, Ogbu CF. Some nutritional composition and functional properties of Prosopis africana. Bangladesh Journal of Industrial Research. 2007;4(3):269-270. 16. WHO. Traditional Medicine and modern health care: Progress report by theDirector General. Document No. A44/10.22 March, 1991. World Health Organization, Geneva; 1991. __________________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright MB International Media and Publishing House. All rights reserved.  

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF  Indigofera zollingeriana SEED OIL

https://www.mbimph.com/index.php/AJOAIMS/article/download/2647/2280

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF Indigofera zollingeriana SEED OIL

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Asian Journal of Advances in Medical Science