Alastuey, A.

Amato, F.

Bergseth, E.

Carbonell, E.

Cortes, J.

Drooge, B. van

Hernandez, I.

Karanasiou, A.

Madrid, M.

Olofsson, U.

Perez, N.

Piña, B.

Portugal, J.

Querol, X.

Ridolfo, Sharon

Vila, J.

English

KITopen

Physico-chemical characterization and source apportionment of UFP at airport, harbour, subway and road: The nPETS experimental set-up in BarcelonaSharon Ridolfo1, X. Querol1, A. Karanasiou1, N. Perez1, A. Alastuey1, B. van Drooge1, B. Piña1, J. Portugal1,  U. Olofsson2, E. Bergseth2, E. Carbonell3, J. Vila4, J. Cortes5, M. Madrid5, I. Hernandez6 and F. Amato11IDAEA (CSIC), Spain; 2KTH, Sweden; 3FGV, Spain; 4Port of Barcelona, Spain; 5AENA SME, S.A. - Josep Tarradellas Barcelona-El Prat Airport, Spain;6Governement of Catalonia, SpainKIT – The Research University in the Helmholtz Association www.kit.eduEuropean Federation of Clean Airand Environmental ProtectionAssociations (EFCA)International SymposiumUltrafine Particles –Air Quality and ClimateBrussels, BelgiumJuly 5 and 6, 2022EFCAProgramTable of contents1. Introduction2. Objectives3. Methodology4. Preliminary results on the sampling protocol5. Conclusions1/161. Introduction: The nPETS project2/16Nanoparticle emissions from the transport sector• 3-years H2020 project, 4 European ci7es involved(Milan, Thessaloniki, Stockholm, and Barcelona)1. Introduction: The nPETS project3/161. Introduction: The nPETS project3/162. Objectives• Size-segregated, physico-chemical characterization of UFP near different transport sources (road, harbor, airport, subway) + background; • Monitoring of PNSD from 3 nm at the same environments;• Identifying of typical PNSD emitted by different transport sectors;• Quantifying contributions from different transport sectors to background UFP levels, by means of a constrained source apportionment.4/163. Methodology: Mobile laboratory• Calendar: July 2022-December 2023• 5 sites: Urban background, road, subway, harbor, and airport;• 10 field campaigns (winter/summer for each site);• 4 weeks of continuous sampling for each campaign;• 7-days resolution samplings with ELPI+ and DGIs• 1-day resolution of additional sampling for FESEM/TEM analysesELPI+ Dekati 2 DGIs Deka? Aethalometer AE-33(7 Wavelengths) SMPS (>10nm) + CPC (>3nm), TSIHigh volume PM1 and PM10with chemical speciationGrimmGas analyzers(NOX, NH3,SO2,O3)Meteorological parameters+5/163. Methodology: Portable equipments• 2 Portable SMPS for PNSD 9–241 nm (90s timeresolution; 0.13 lpm, 4h autonomy) developedby Hanyang University (Lee et al., 2015), withthe addition of other portable instruments.MiniDISC MicroAethModulAIR_PMQuantAQPO3M+6/16Environmental Research 191 (2020) 109978Available online 19 August 20200013-9351/© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Using miniaturised scanning mobility particle sizers to observe size distribution patterns of quasi-ultrafine aerosols inhaled during city commuting Teresa Moreno a,*, Cristina Reche a, Kang-Ho Ahn b, Hee-Ram Eun b, Woo Young Kim b, Hee-Sang Kim b, Amaia Fern!andez-Iriarte a,c, Fulvio Amato a, Xavier Querol a a Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea c Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Industrial and TIC Engineering (EMIT-UPC), 08242, Manresa, Spain   A R T I C L E  I N F O   Keywords: Commuting air quality SMPS Ultrafine Nanoparticles New particle formation Nucleation Road traffic A B S T R A C T   Portable miniaturised scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) instruments measuring atmospheric particles within the 10–241 nm size range were used to track particle number size distributions and concentrations during near-simultaneous pedestrian, bicycle, bus, car, tram and subway commuting journeys in Barcelona, Spain on 4th-6th July 2018. The majority of particles in this size range were !100 nm, with k-means cluster analysis identifying peaks at 15–22 nm, 30–40 nm, and 45–75 nm. Around 10–25% of the particles measured however were "100 nm (especially in the subway environment) and so lie outside the commonly defined range of “ul-trafine” particles (UFP, or !100 nm particles). The study demonstrated in detail how personal exposure to quasi- UFP (QUFP, !241 nm), most of which present in the city streets are produced by road traffic, varies greatly depending on the transport mode and route chosen. Proximity to fresh traffic exhaust sources, such as in a car with open windows, on-road cycling, walking downwind of busy roads, or in a subway station contaminated by roadside air, enhances commuter exposure to particles !30 nm in size. In contrast, travelling inside air- conditioned bus or tram offers greater protection to the commuter from high concentrations of fresh exhaust. Ultrafine number size distributions in traffic-contaminated city air typically peak in the size range 30–70 nm, but they can be shifted to finer sizes not only by increased content of fresh proximal exhaust emissions but also by bursts of new particle formation (NPF) events in the city. One such afternoon photochemical nucleation NPF event was identified during our Barcelona study and recognised in different transport modes, including under-ground in the subway system. The integration of static urban background air monitoring station information with particle number concentration and size distribution data obtained from portable miniaturised SMPS instruments during commuting journeys opens new approaches to investigating city air quality by offering a level of detail not previously available.   1. Introduction There is by now a huge body of scientific evidence demonstrating that the human population is suffering a self-inflicted environmental health crisis in which urban air quality is being severely compromised by road transport emissions (e.g. Morawska et al., 2008; Kumar et al., 2014, 2018; Kelly and Fussel, 2015; Steiner et al., 2016; Nieuwenhuijsen et al., 2018; Pope, 2020). Current estimates of the effects of air pollution on human longevity (e.g. Lelieveld et al., 2020) calculate millions of deaths worldwide annually brought forward, a health insult similar in scale to smoking-related diseases, with road traffic being the main culprit. These health effects are most commonly associated with parti-cles measuring around 100 nm or less (defined as ‘ultrafine’ particles or UFP; Kumar et al., 2014; Krecl et al., 2017). Indeed, key to under-standing the pervasiveness of our 21st century urban air pollution problem is that the extremely fine size of most inhaled traffic aerosols means that they can translocate from the lung to the systemic circulation so that “air pollution can harm nearly every organ in the body, and * Corresponding author. E-mail address: teresa.moreno@idaea.csic.es (T. Moreno).  Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environmental Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envres https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109978 Received 25 June 2020; Received in revised form 18 July 2020; Accepted 19 July 2020   • Used for route measurements to obtain UFP/O3/BC/PM ollution maps at subway, ha bor, i portand road environments. 3. Methodology: Airport Campaigns7/16MobileLaboratoryPortable SMPS1 Portable SMPS2TrailerUpwind and downwind measurements Focus on idling, taxing, departure and landing3. Methodology: Harbor Campaigns8/16Focus on ferries, cruises and shipping emissionsPortable SMPS1 Portable SMPS2Upwind and downwindmeasurementsTraffic & background3. Methodology: Sampling substrates100 lpmGreased aluminium foils0.130 - 2.5 μm(extrac;on and metals analysis)PTFE back-up filter (<130nm): Inlet• Major and trace elements: ICP MS/AES, • Ion-chromatography: sulphate, nitrate, chloride• Specific electrode: ammonium• Organic compounds: GC-MSDrierPM10 cut-off inletGreased aluminium foils9 stages from 0.250 to 10 μm(extraction and metals analysis)Polycarbonate filters5 stages from 10 to 205 nm(metals analysis)9/16DGI ELPI+3. Methodology: Why our protocol?10/1610 µm• No grease à Bouncing effect: micrometric metal particles from coarser stages.• No drier à Water condensation in stages with D50> 165 nm due to the greater presence of sulphate (hygroscopic):- Dissolution and precipitation of sulphate and nitrate salts. - Formation of a homogeneous cement thatcaptures even the finest particles in the wrong stages.- Change in composition and size of PM. 67% Fe, 15% Cr, 11% Ni, 3%O,2% Mn, 0.7% S, 0.3% Si, 0.2% Cu65% C, 19% O, 10% N, 5% S, 2% K, 0.7% Fe, 0.1% SiBED-CELPI+ Stage 6 (D50=165nm), polycarbonate filters3. Methodology: Why our protocol?Stage 6 (D50=165nm) of ELPI+ Without dryer11/16Stage 6 (D50=165nm) of ELPI+ With dryer3. Methodology: Source apportionmentPosi7ve Matrix Factoriza7on (PMF) by means of the Mul7linear Engine (ME-2) for:1. Near-source PNSD source apporNonment (>3nm) using also gaseous pollutants data (Rivas etal., 2020) at harbor, airport, roadways and subway in order to iden7fy typical PNSD from eachtransport source.- Uncertain7es es7ma7on method (Rivas et al. 2020):2. Use typical PNSDs as a-priori informaNon for a «constrained PMF» at urban background usingpulling equa7ons in ME-2 (Amato et al., 2009)3. Size-segregated metals source appor7onment (Pere-Trepat et al., 2007)12/16…4. Preliminary results: PM extraction fromgreased aluminium foils (Apiezon-L, Dekati)Solvent Isopropanol Toluene Hexane AcetoneICP-MS(Trace elements) Recovery % (SD)62.0 ± 17.5 75.5 ± 21.8 53.8 ± 21.9 72.0 ± 11.6**ICP-AES(Mayor elements)Recovery % (SD)70.8 ± 8.25 84.7 ± 12.3 60.6 ± 19.4 72.3 ± 11.3*1. Deposition of standard material (4 mg – P1633b) 2. Leachate of the foilwith the solvent3. Ultrasonic bath (1h) & further leachate4. Centrifugation (20 min 3000 rpm) x2 + evaporation5. Acid digesDon in Teflon vessels: • 1,25 ml HNO3 + 2,5 ml HF• 4h in stove at 90°C, 24h cooling• 1,25 ml HClO4, evaporaKon• 0,6 ml HNO3, 10+2 ml miliQ water6. CentrifugaDon (20 min), separaKon and ICP analysis of the supernatant. 13/16*Fe, P, S excluded; **Cd, Sn excluded4. Preliminary results: PM extraction fromgreased aluminium foils (Apiezon-L, Dekati)Solvent Isopropanol Toluene Hexane AcetoneICP-MS(Trace elements) Recovery % (SD)62.0 ± 17.5 75.5 ± 21.8 53.8 ± 21.9 72.0 ± 11.6**ICP-AES(Mayor elements)Recovery % (SD)70.8 ± 8.25 84.7 ± 12.3 60.6 ± 19.4 72.3 ± 11.3*1. Deposition of standard material (4 mg – P1633b) 2. Leachate of the foilwith the solvent3. Ultrasonic bath (1h) & further leachate4. Centrifugation (20 min 3000 rpm) x2 + evaporation5. Acid digesDon in Teflon vessels: • 1,25 ml HNO3 + 2,5 ml HF• 4h in stove at 90°C, 24h cooling• 1,25 ml HClO4, evaporaKon• 0,6 ml HNO3, 10+2 ml miliQ water6. CentrifugaDon (20 min), separaKon and ICP analysis of the supernatant. 13/16*Fe, P, S excluded; **Cd, Sn excluded4. Preliminary results: portable equipmentsintercomparisons for quality assurance14/160200040006000800010000120001 10 100 1000#/cm3Diameter (nm)MicroSMPS 1 MicroSMPS 2 SMPS PRR² = 0.72740.E+001.E+052.E+053.E+054.E+055.E+056.E+057.E+058.E+059.E+051.E+060.E+00 2.E+05 4.E+05 6.E+05 8.E+05 1.E+06PortableSMPS 2Portable SMPS 1R² = 0.73190.E+001.E+052.E+053.E+054.E+055.E+056.E+057.E+058.E+050.E+00 2.E+05 4.E+05 6.E+05 8.E+05 1.E+06Reference SMPSPortable SMPS 1Portable SMPS 1 Portable SMPS 2 Reference SMPS4. Preliminary results15/16y = 0.8746xR² = 0.9757010002000300040005000600070000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000MAAPMicroAeth (ACS2)Black carbon (ng/m3)y = 0.8583xR² = 0.9850100002000030000400005000060000700000 20000 40000 60000 80000CPC3750MiniDisc (MD5)PN (#/cm3) ModulAIRPMGrimmPM2.5 (μg/m3)y = 1.0122xR² = 0.999y = 1.0173xR² = 0.999y = 0.9572xR² = 0.998501020304050607080901000 20 40 60 80 100PO3M PURPPLE, BLUE & WHITE OFFICIAL HOURLY DATA BY THE AIR QUALITY MONITORING SITE PRO3 (µg/m3)5. Conclusions• nPETS project aims at physico-chemically characterizing and monitoring of UFP emiged from roadtraffic, shipping, avia7on and railway emissions;• A sampling protocol has been developed for DGI and ELPI+ impactors, including extrac7on and acid diges7on of samples collected on aluminium foils:- Drier & grease minimize posi7ve and nega7ve artefacts;- Toluene seems to be the best dissolvent for par7cle extrac7on from Apiezon-L greasedaluminium foils;• 4 SMPSs (2 from TSI + 2 portable SMPS) will be used simultaneously at each site to study spa7algradients;• Different levels of complexity of source apporNonment (PMF) will be applied in order to determine PNSD and UF metals emiged from different transport sectors and calculate theircontribu7on to average exposure levels.16/16Thank you for your attention!Sharon Ridolfo, IDAEA (CSIC)Email: sharon.ridolfo@idaea.csic.es

Physico-chemical characterization and source apportionment of UFP at airport, harbour, subway and road: The nPETS experimental set-up in Barcelona

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Physico-chemical characterization and source apportionment of UFP at airport, harbour, subway and road: The nPETS experimental set-up in Barcelona

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