Modern high-throughput ‘omics’ science tools (including genomics, transcriptomics, pro teomics, metabolomics and microbiomics) are currently being applied to nutritional sciences to
unravel the fundamental processes of health effects ascribed to particular nutrients in humans and
to contribute to more precise nutritional advice. Diet and food components are key environmental
factors that interact with the genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and the microbiota,
and this life-long interplay defines health and diseases state of the individual. Rheumatoid arthritis
(RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease featured by a systemic immune-inflammatory response, in
genetically susceptible individuals exposed to environmental triggers, including diet. In recent years
increasing evidences suggested that nutritional factors and gut microbiome have a central role in RA
risk and progression. The aim of this review is to summarize the main and most recent applications
of ‘omics’ technologies in human nutrition and in RA research, examining the possible influences of
some nutrients and nutritional patterns on RA pathogenesis, following a nutrigenomics approach.
The opportunities and challenges of novel ‘omics technologies’ in the exploration of new avenues in
RA and nutritional research to prevent and manage RA will be also discussed