Solar energy is the energy derived from solar radiation. This energy, being abundant natural source can serve as a potential source of
energy. So this energy is being tapped in countries like America and Europe. In India, where the received solar energy is much greater,
there is a lack of awareness among common public about the use of solar energy. This paper mainly concentrates on feasibility of
installing a solar powered housing system in India. The cost and the efficiency of the panels will be compared to the conventional energy
costing and an optimum solution will be provided. As most of the society of India belongs to middle class and lower middle class
families, a cost effective solution is a must. And due to the rising prices of conventional energy sources, the renewable energies like
solar energy will play a pivotal role. This paper discusses the possibilities of installing a solar energy system for a normal house hold in
Hyderabad and compares the installation capacity values with southern city of Madras

Hasita Kaja

English

Solar energy is the energy derived from solar radiation. This energy, being abundant natural source can serve as a potential source of energy. So this energy is being tapped in countries like America and Europe. In India, where the received solar energy is much greater, there is a lack of awareness among common public about the use of solar energy. This paper mainly concentrates on feasibility of installing a solar powered housing system in India. The cost and the efficiency of the panels will be compared to the conventional energy costing and an optimum solution will be provided. As most of the society of India belongs to middle class and lower middle class families, a cost effective solution is a must. And due to the rising prices of conventional energy sources, the renewable energies like solar energy will play a pivotal role. This paper discusses the possibilities of installing a solar energy system for a normal house hold in Hyderabad and compares the installation capacity values with southern city of Madras

Humanities Commons

  International Conference on  Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development      Evaluation of Household Solar Energy system K.Hasita, Nalla Narasimha Reddy engineering College, Hyderabad, India. Tel – +91-8374105810, Email- hasi.kaja@gmail.com   Abstract: Solar energy is the energy derived from solar radiation. This energy, being abundant natural source can serve as a potential source of energy. So this energy is being tapped in countries like America and Europe. In India, where the received solar energy is much greater, there is a lack of awareness among common public about the use of solar energy. This paper mainly concentrates on feasibility of installing a solar powered housing system in India. The cost and the efficiency of the panels will be compared to the conventional energy costing and an optimum solution will be provided. As most of the society of India belongs to middle class and lower middle class families, a cost effective solution is a must. And due to the rising prices of conventional energy sources, the renewable energies like solar energy will play a pivotal role. This paper discusses the possibilities of installing a solar energy system for a normal house hold in Hyderabad and compares the installation capacity values with southern city of Madras.   1. Introduction: Solar photovoltaics generate electricity from sunlight. Using an electronic device called the inverter; this energy can be fed to the main electrical supply of the building or directly into the public electricity grid. Grid connected PV systems reduce the intensity of fuel usage and decrease the pollution to the minimum level. A photovoltaic system to be installed at home must have an array of solar panels, an inverter, a battery, a tracking system and interconnection wiring. To acquire a cost-effective system and to use the solar panels optimally we need to determine the utility scale of a typical household. In this paper, I have taken a typical south-Indian house in Hyderabad and analysed its power utility scale. The graph in the fig.1 below shows the utility for a year.   334806385276687335302682316247734323jan-april may-sept oct-decUtility scale of a typical household2010 2011 2012 2013 Fig.1 Utility scale of a typical household  2 Author name , ICRESD 2014/Paper Code From the above graph we can observe that the power utility increases in the months of May to September and then decreases again. It can be inferred that during the months of May to September, there is greater need of sustainable energies like wind or solar than the other months. As wind power is not viable in metropolitan cities like Hyderabad, solar power would be a better choice. 2. Factors effecting the solar panel installation: While selecting a solar power system there are number of factors to be considered. To purchase decision should be based on many factors apart from its cost.  Some of the factors are listed below: 1. Tolerance: The tolerance is defined as the warranted output power range for a module under Standard Test Conditions (STC), following initial stabilization effects. The base line for the comparison is the name plate power rating for the module. Power tolerance is normally explained as a +/- percentage on module datasheets. For example, a 200 watt module with +5/-5 tolerance is guaranteed but the manufacturer to produce a maximum of 210 watts (200* (1-0.0.) and a minimum of 190 watts [200*(1- 0.05)] at STC (standard temperature of 250C , and an irradiance of 1000 W/m2 with an air mass of 1.5 (AM1.5) spectrum). Modules at opposite ends of tolerance range, 190 and 210 watts respectively, will have different operating characteristics. For example, let both the modules operate at 8 amps. The first can operate at 26.25 volts (8*26.25= 210) and the other can operate at 23.75 volts (8*23.75=190). In this way each module may have same operating voltage but different amperage.  The table shown below discusses the specifications of a solar power system for a given DC rating of 4kW and array type of fixed tilt. It is taken for Madras area and it is obtained from PVWATTS table.    Table 1. PVWATTS table  Station Identification City: Madras Country/Province: IND   Latitude: 13.00° N Longitude:     80.18° E Elevation: 16 m Weather Data:     IWEC PV System Specifications DC Rating: 4.00 kW DC to AC Derate Factor: 0.770 AC Rating: 3.08 kW Array Type: Fixed Tilt   Array Tilt: 13.0° Array Azimuth: 180.0° Energy Specifications Energy Cost:     1.8400 rupee/kWh      Author name , ICRESD 2014/Paper Code 3                               The designers should also calculate the impact of mismatch among the installed modules. Modules with larger tolerance ranges have a greater potential for increased mismatch than modules with smaller ranges. The mismatch can be calculated as follows: Module mismatch Factor= 1-(0.25* Warranted power tolerance range) The module mismatch factor for the example of 200 watt module is 0.975[1-(.25*10%)=0.975]. this is the value to enter in the mismatch field in the PVWATTS table. A conservative principle to calculate minimum warranted power is shown below: Effective Minimum Power= Minimum warranted Power*Module Mismatch Factor From the example, the minimum warranted power for the 200watt module is 190 watts and the mismatch factor is 0.975. It means that the effective minimum power is 182.25 watts (190*0.975=182.5). This is the system performance before considering any other factors. 1. Temperature coefficient: This property is mainly important in determining the impact of heat on the solar panels. This plays an important role in the countries like India, where the temperatures are always high. As silicon is a semiconductor material, the increase in the temperature contributes to decrease in the band gap. Increases in temperature reduce the band gap of a semiconductor, thereby effecting most of the semiconductor material parameters. The decrease in the band gap of a semiconductor with increasing temperature can be viewed as increasing the energy of the electrons in the material. Lower energy is therefore needed to break the bond. In the bond model of a semiconductor band gap, reduction in the bond energy also reduces the band gap. Therefore increasing the temperature reduces the band gap. In a solar cell, the parameter most affected by an increase in temperature is the open-circuit voltage. The open circuit voltage decreases with temperature. According to a field experiment in the United Kingdom, there is a steady drop of 1.1% in efficiency of solar panels once the temperature reaches 42 degrees Celsius or 117 degrees Fahrenheit. Photovoltaic panels work with highest efficiency in cold sunny temperatures.   Results  Month   Solar Radiation (kWh/m2/day) AC Energy (kWh) Energy Value (rupee) 1  5.55      472  868.48  2  6.40      485  892.40  3  6.68      553  1017.52  4  6.71      532  978.88  5  6.12      502  923.68  6  5.36      426  783.84  7  4.71      392  721.28  8  4.91      408  750.72  9  5.46      437  804.08  10  5.08      427  785.68  11  4.54      377  693.68  12  4.65      398  732.32  Year  5.51      5410  9954.40  4 Author name , ICRESD 2014/Paper Code 2. Conversion efficiency: The ease with which the conversion of light into electrical energy occurs determines the amount of power generated by the system. The conversion efficiency is the ratio of electrical output power to the incident solar energy in the form of sunlight. It is given by the equation:  mcEPA  Here, Pm refers to maximum power point for the input light (E, in W/m2) and the surface area of the solar cell (Ac in m2). Generally, the efficiency is measured in STC conditions. These conditions correspond to a clear day with sunlight incident upon a sun-facing 37°-tilted surface with the sun at an angle of 41.81° above the horizon. Under these test conditions a solar cell of 20% efficiency with a 100 cm2 (0.01 m2) surface area would produce 2.0 watts of power. 3. Embodied energy: Another important aspect to look at is the embodied energy of the solar panel – that is how energy intensive the production of the panel was and how quickly it will have paid itself back by producing more energy. Studies reveal that it takes less than 33 years for a solar panel to offset its embodied energy.  After that the panel will be producing clean energy without any account to its manufacturing costs.  4. Durability/Longitivity/Warranty: Durability can be an indicator of manufacturer’s confidence in the product. Generally for a high quality solar panel, the durability is about 25 years. However, an important point to remember about warranty is that it will only be honoured for as long as the company operates. It's another reason to select a well known brand of solar panel rather than an obscure low-cost brand that may disappear overnight. As you most likely won't be able to buy panels directly from the manufacturer, your selection of installer and retailer is also important. 5. Size and watts: The size of the solar panel in Watts will directly affect the cost, as solar panels are usually priced (and compared) in dollars per Watt.  Watts are related to the output of each panel; meaning a 100Watt panel under ideal conditions will generate 100 Watts of electricity each hour and a 200 Watt panel will generate 200 Watts each hour. Therefore expect to pay double the price for the 200 Watt panel, compared to the cost of a 100 Watt panel. The output of a panel also affects the physical size of the panel, meaning the 200Watt panel will be larger in size to the 100 Watt panel. . The type of solar cells used in its production also determines the size of the solar panel. Based on the above mentioned factors, a home solution for solar powered system all the factors play an important role. For the household taken above, the usage in the year can be averaged to 300- 400 units, i.e., 300-400 KWH. Assume that the house aspires to produce 300 Kilowatts of energy from solar initially. As the household is taken in the city Hyderabad the sun light remains for 10 hours per day in that place. That amounts to 300 hours of sunlight in a month. In order to generate 300 KWH of electricity we need to have 1000 watts of generation capacity. If you have panels that generate 80 watts, then you will need 13 panels to generate 300 KWH of electricity. On today, the price of 80 watt polycrystalline solar panel is 120$ which amounts to 7440 rupees. If one panel costs this much then an array of 13 panels would cost around 96,800 including shipping charges. The space occupied by it is also about 13 meters in length (for the 13 panel array) and 9 meters in width. The size is compact when installed on the roof top of the household apartment. The house taken has about 6 tube lights, 6 fans, 4 15W bulbs, a plasma TV and a refrigerator. The calculations mentioned above are done considering the normal operation of these items. Conclusion: As the Hyderabad weather is suitable for solar energy systems, the urban households must be encouraged to install solar energy systems. Financially there are many banks which have come up to help those who want to install. There are many loan schemes which banks offer. There are not less than 20 industries in and around Hyderabad which are producing solar panels. With the souring electricity bills each month, and decreasing resources, it is optimal time to switch on to solar energy for electricity needs. As it is a cost effective solution, government should encourage the use of renewable energy sources like solar. In conclusion, for a developing nation like India where people of all backgrounds live in, this energy alternative aims to provide electricity which never perishes. 3. References: [1] "First Breakthrough In Solar Photovoltaic Module Recycling, Experts Say". European Photovoltaic Industry Association. Retrieved January 2011.  [2] http://www.recgroup.com/en/aboutsolar/basic-solar-maths/ [3] http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/calculators/pvwatts/version1/International/inputv1_intl.cgi [4] http://www.ashden.org/solar-grid  Author name , ICRESD 2014/Paper Code 5 [5] http://homeguides.sfgate.com/pick-out-proper-solar-panel-79662.html [6 "3rd International Conference on PV Module Recycling".PV CYCLE. Retrieved October 2012                                          Table. 1. Properties of Fluid (8 pt) Fluid (8 pt) Density  (kg/m3) Viscosity  (m/s2) Water (8 pt) 1000 2 Oil 800 4 Air 1.225 6 1.1. Figures To insert images in Word, position the cursor at the insertion point and either use Insert | Picture | From File or copy the image to the Windows clipboard and then Edit | Paste Special | Picture (with “In line with text”, do not use other type of text wrapping). Figure titles should be placed below figures, center justified. Keep 10 pt spacing before and after title of 6 Author name , ICRESD 2014/Paper Code the figure.    Fig. 1. Page Margins   (8 pt) 1.2. Equations Use MathType add-on (http://www.mathtype.com) for equations in your paper (Insert | Object | Create New | Microsoft Equation or MathType Equation). “Float over text” should not be selected.  Number equations consecutively with equation numbers in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in (1). First use the equation editor to create the equation. Then select the “Equation” markup style. Press the tab key and write the equation number in parentheses. To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence, as in  22 00( , ) [ / (2 )]rF r dr d r           (1)  Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before the equation appears or immediately following. Italicize symbols (T might refer to temperature, but T is the unit tesla). Refer to “(1),” not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1),” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Equation (1) is …” They should also be separated from the surrounding text by one space.   1.3. Abbreviations and Acronyms Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have already been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as SI, ac, and dc do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are unavoidable.  1.4. Structure 1.4.1. Bulleted lists may be included and should look like this:  Water  Oil  Air 2. Publication Principles The contents of ICRESD conference proceedings are peer-reviewed and archival. They publish scholarly articles of archival value as well as tutorial expositions and critical reviews of classical subjects and topics of current interest.  Authors should consider the following points: 1) Technical papers submitted for publication must advance the state of knowledge and must cite relevant prior work.  2) The length of a submitted paper should be commensurate with the importance, or appropriate to the complexity, of the work. For example, an obvious extension of previously published work might not be appropriate for publication or might be adequately treated in just a few pages. 3) Authors must convince both peer reviewers and the editors of the scientific and technical merit of a paper; the standards of proof are higher when extraordinary or unexpected results are reported.  4) Because replication is required for scientific progress, papers submitted for publication must provide sufficient  Author name , ICRESD 2014/Paper Code 7 information to allow readers to perform similar experiments or calculations and use the reported results. Although not everything need be disclosed, a paper must contain new, useable, and fully described information. Authors should expect to be challenged by reviewers if the results are not supported by adequate data and critical details. 3. Conclusion Although a conclusion may review the main points of the paper, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion. A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions.  Acknowledgements These and the Reference headings are in bold but have no numbers. Text below continues as normal.  References [1] Louie H , Burns M, Lima C. An introduction and user's guide to the IEEE Smart Grid Web Portal. Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conf. Europe (ISGT Europe) 2010;1–5, . [2] Van der Geer J, Hanraads JAJ, Lupton RA. The art of writing a scientific article. J Sci Commun 2000;163:51–9. [3] Strunk Jr W, White EB. The elements of style. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan; 1979. [4] Toshio Matsushima, Shinya Takagi, Seiichi Muroyama, “Characteristics of a highly efficient propeller type small wind turbine with a diffuser”, Renewable Energy vol. 31, pp. 1343–1354, 2006. [5] Md. Arifujjaman , M. Tariq Iqbal, John E. Quaicoe, “Energy capture by a small wind-energy conversion system”, Applied Energy vol. 85, pp. 41–51, 2008. [6] F. Wang, L. Bai, J. Fletcher, J. Whiteford, D. Cullen, “The methodology for aerodynamic study on a small domestic wind turbine with scoop”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 96 , pp.1–24, 2008.  [7] Sandip A. Kale , Yogesh R. Gunjal, Sachin P. Jadhav , Ajinkya N. Tanksale , “CFD Analysis for Optimization of Diffuser for A Micro Wind Turbine”, 2013 IEEE international conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability, pp. 257-260, April 2013. [8] Wind turbine generator systems – Part 12: Wind turbine power performance testing, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard, 61400-12, First edition, pp.1-50, 1998.  Appendix A. An example appendix Authors including an appendix section should do so after References section. Multiple appendices should all have headings in the style used above. They will automatically be ordered A, B, C etc. A.1. Example of a sub-heading within an appendix There is also the option to include a subheading within the Appendix if you wish.  

Evaluation of Household Solar Energy System

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Evaluation of Household Solar Energy System

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