This article describes the parameters of copper powder materials production from wastes of electrical 
copper wire using electroerosion dispersion method in kerosene medium. The results of the percentage of 
the different fractions of the produced copper powder and the study of the shapes of the resulted copper 
particles are presented.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3611

Ageev, E.V.

Ageevа, E.V.

Horyakova, N.M.

Malukhov, V.S.

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

JOURNAL OF NANO- AND ELECTRONIC PHYSICS ЖУРНАЛНАНО- ТАЕЛЕКТРОННОЇФІЗИКИ 
Vol. 6 No 3, 03011(3pp) (2014) Том 6 № 3, 03011(3cc) (2014) 
 
 
The article was reported at the International Conference «The Advanced Technology, Equipment and Analytical Systems for Materials», Kursk, 13-14 May, 2014 
2077-6772/2014/6(3)03011(3) 03011-1  2014 Sumy State University 
Production of Copper Electroerosion Nanopowders from Wastes in Kerosene Medium 
 
E.V. Ageevа, E.V. Ageev, N.M. Horyakova, V.S. Malukhov 
 
South-West State University, 94, 50 Let Oktyabrya Str., 305040 Kursk, Russia 
 
(Received 19 May 2014; published online15 July 2014) 
 
This article describes the parameters of copper powder materials production from wastes of electrical 
copper wire using electroerosion dispersion method in kerosene medium. The results of the percentage of 
the different fractions of the produced copper powder and the study of the shapes of the resulted copper 
particles are presented. 
 
Keywords: Copper wastes, Electroerosion dispersion, Copper nanopowder, Parameters of powdering of 
electroerosion dispersion process, Particle-size distribution of copper powder, Copper powder particle 
shape. 
 
 PACS numbers: 42.65.Dr, 75.60.Ch 
 
 
1. INTRODUCTION 
 
Currently, copper nanopowders are widely used as 
additives for manufacturing components by powder 
metallurgy and other purposes, mainly in electrical, 
instrument-making, machine-building, chemical and 
aviation industries, as well as in nanotechnology [1]. 
Nowadays, there are many methods allowing manu-
facturing ultradispersed powders from metals. Among 
the variety of these methods it is particularly important 
to find relatively simple, cost-effective and environmen-
tally friendly processes for the synthesis of ultradis-
persed materials. In recent years, the chosen method of 
electroerosion dispersion is becoming one of the most 
promising. This method allows manufacturing powder 
from almost any current-conducting metal [2]. 
However, the widespread use of the method of elec-
troerosion dispersion is hindered by the lack of literature 
reference material on the optimization of the parameters 
of powdering and resulting copper powders properties. 
For the widespread use of this method extensive theoret-
ical and experimental studies are required. 
Therefore, the goal of this research is to study the 
parameters of powdering of the process of production of 
copper powder materials by electroerosion dispersion 
from electrical copper wire wastes in kerosene medium 
and the study of the particle size distribution and the 
shape of the copper powder particles. 
 
2. MATERIALLY AND METHODS 
 
The process of copper powders production is carried 
out on the unit for producing nanopowders from current-
conducting materials (Patent 2449859, Russian Federa-
tion, C2, B22F9/14). This unit comprises electroerosion 
dispersion reactor for current-conducting materials put 
into it, the voltage regulator and the pulse generator [3]. 
For copper powder production by electroerosion dis-
persion copper wire wastes were used. The wire was 
put into the reactor filled with kerosene as working 
liquid; the process was carried out by varying the elec-
trical parameters:  the electrodes voltage, the frequency 
of the pulse generator and the capacitance of the dis-
charge capacitors. The destruction of the copper wire 
occurred as a result of the local impact of the short-
duration electrical discharges between the electrodes. 
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND 
DISCATIONS 
 
When producing powders by electroerosion dispersion 
the main controlled parameters of powdering process are 
the average powder particles size (particle size distribu-
tion), the productivity of the process and the chemical 
composition of the powder. The first two parameters can 
be changed within a wide range (changing the electrical 
parameters of the process), whereas the chemical composi-
tion of the powder depends on the initial chemical compo-
sition of the dispersible material and the chemical compo-
sition of the used working liquid [4]. 
The production rate of the electroerosion dispersion 
process can be divided into weight output and quantita-
tive outcome. Weight output is expressed by the weight 
of the powder produced per time unit, and depends on 
the average weight of the powder particles (which in 
turn depends on the average size of the powder parti-
cles) and their quantity. Quantitative outcome is also 
expressed by the weight / mass of the powder produced 
per time unit, but depends only on the powder particle 
count, i.e. weight output can be increased by increasing 
the average powder particle size and increasing the 
resulted powder particle count; and quantitative out-
come can be increased only by increasing the resulted 
powder particle count. It is obviously the quantitative 
outcome that is important when producing powders 
with a given size of particles [4]. 
Figure 1 shows the graph of dependence of the 
weight of the resulted copper powder produced in the 
kerosene medium on the pulse generator operating fre-
quency when the voltage across the electrodes of the 
reactor U  220 V and the capacitance of the discharge 
capacitors C  45.5 F. 
Experiment proved that there is directly propor-
tional dependence of the weight of copper powder on 
the time between pulses in the range of up to 100 Hz. 
Further increase of frequency decreases the powdering. 
It is obvious that by means of increasing the pulse gen-
erator operating frequency it is possible to increase the 
quantitative outcome of electroerosion dispersion pro-
cess, but this increase is limited by the time of charge 
and discharge of discharge capacitors and the speed of 
charging and discharging thyristor switches. 
 E.V. AGEEVA, E.V. AGEEV, ET AL. J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 6, 03011 (2014) 
 
 
03011-2 
Pulse energy can be changed either by changing the 
capacitance of the discharge capacitors, or by changing 
the reactor electrodes voltage. 
 
 
 
Fig. 1 – The dependence of the weight of the resulted copper 
powder on the operating frequency of the electroerosion dis-
persion unit (U  220 , C  45.5 F) 
 
Figure 2 shows the relationship between the 
productivity of the process of powder production and 
the capacitance of the discharge capacitors. Experiment 
proved that there is directly proportional dependence of 
the weight of resulted copper powder on the capaci-
tance of the discharge capacitors at different values of 
the time between pulses. 
Figure 3 shows the graphs of the dependence of 
the productivity of the process of powder production 
on the reactor electrodes voltage of the electroerosion 
dispersion unit. Experiment the proved the depend-
ence of the weight of the resulting powder on the 
electrodes voltage. 
 
 
1 − ν  100 Hz; 2 − ν  44 Hz 
 
Fig 2 – The dependence of the weight of the resulted copper 
powder on the capacitance of discharge capacitors (U  220 V) 
 
 
 
Fig. 3 – The dependence of the weight of the resulted copper 
powder on the reactor electrodes voltage (C  45.5 µF) 
 
Table 1 – The results of the study of the percentage of different fractions of copper powder 
 
№ 
Particlesize Contentof a frac-
tion, % 
№ 
Particlesize Contentof a frac-
tion, % 
x Low [m] x High [m] x Low [m] x High [m] 
1 0,1 0,109 0,02 40 3,42 3,74 0,72 
2 0,109 0,12 0 41 3,74 4,08 0,69 
3 0,12 0,131 0 42 4,08 4,48 0,71 
4 0,131 0,144 0 43 4,48 4,9 0,77 
5 0,144 0,157 0,01 44 4,9 5,36 0,91 
6 0,157 0,172 0,03 45 5,36 5,88 1,1 
7 0,172 0,188 0,05 46 5,88 6,42 1,35 
8 0,188 0,206 0,09 47 6,42 7,04 1,65 
9 0,206 0,226 0,13 48 7,04 7,7 1,98 
10 0,226 0,248 0,18 49 7,7 8,44 2,31 
11 0,248 0,27 0,23 50 8,44 9,24 2,6 
12 0,27 0,296 0,28 51 9,24 10,1 2,8 
13 0,296 0,324 0,34 52 10,1 11,06 2,85 
14 0,324 0,356 0,39 53 11,06 12,12 2,71 
15 0,356 0,388 0,44 54 12,12 13,26 2,35 
16 0,388 0,426 0,48 55 13,26 14,52 1,81 
17 0,426 0,466 0,5 56 14,52 15,9 1,18 
18 0,466 0,51 0,52 57 15,9 17,4 0,64 
19 0,51 0,558 0,53 58 17,4 19,04 0,37 
20 0,558 0,612 0,53 59 19,04 20,8 0,55 
21 0,612 0,67 0,52 60 20,8 22,8 1,27 
22 0,67 0,732 0,5 61 22,8 25 2,46 
23 0,732 0,802 0,48 62 25 27,4 3,92 
24 0,802 0,878 0,47 63 27,4 30 5,31 
25 0,878 0,96 0,46 64 30 32,8 6,28 
 PRODUCTION OF COPPER ELECTROEROSION NANOPOWDERS… J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 6, 03011 (2014) 
 
 
03011-3 
26 0,96 1,052 0,46 65 32,8 35,8 6,58 
27 1,052 1,152 0,47 66 35,8 39,2 6,21 
28 1,152 1,26 0,51 67 39,2 43 5,34 
29 1,26 1,38 0,56 68 43 47 4,29 
30 1,38 1,51 0,63 69 47 51,6 3,31 
31 1,51 1,654 0,7 70 51,6 56,4 2,52 
32 1,654 1,81 0,78 71 56,4 61,8 1,92 
33 1,81 1,982 0,85 72 61,8 67,6 1,41 
34 1,982 2,18 0,89 73 67,6 74 0,95 
35 2,18 2,38 0,92 74 74 81 0,55 
36 2,38 2,6 0,91 75 81 88,8 0,24 
37 2,6 2,84 0,88 76 88,8 97,2 0,07 
38 2,84 3,12 0,83 77 97,2 106,4 0,01 
39 3,12 3,42 0,77 78 106,4 116,4 0 
 
Figure 3 shows the graphs of the dependence of the 
productivity of the process of powder production on the 
pulse energy of the electroerosion dispersion unit. The-
se graphs were obtained both changing the capacitance 
of the discharge capacitors at constant reactor elec-
trodes voltage and changing the electrode voltage at 
permanent capacitance. 
Having analyzed the obtained relationships, it is 
possible to conclude that the weight of the resulted 
copper powder is directly proportional to the pulse en-
ergy (the energy of capacitors discharge). This explains 
the quadratic dependence of the weight of the resulted 
copper powder on the voltage and the linear depend-
ence of the weight of the resulted copper powder on 
capacitors capacity. 
Thus, it can be noted that, on the other conditions be-
ing equal, weight output of the electroerosion dispersion 
process can be controlled by changing the capacitance of 
discharge capacitors and the source voltage of the electro-
erosion dispersion unit, and the quantitative outcome of 
the process can be controlled by changing the operating 
frequency of the electroerosion dispersion unit. 
It is known that depending on the powder particle 
size and their shape the properties of the resulting 
powder and the properties of the powder-based materi-
al will change. Therefore, the resulting powder was 
evaporated and the distribution of the resulting parti-
cles was analyzed according to the size using a laser 
particle size analyzer “Analysette 22 NanoTec”, be-
cause laser diffraction has several important ad-
vantages, such as short analysis time, good reproduci-
bility and accuracy, simple calibration, large measure-
ment range and high flexibility. 
The results of particle size measurements are pre-
sented in Table 1. It has been found that the average 
particle size is 23.65 m. The fractions of the powder in 
the range up to 960 nm are highlighted. The content of 
nanofractions in the analyzed copper powder is 7.18 %. 
To study the shapes of the resulted copper particles 
micrographs were made using scanning electron micro-
scope “QUANTA 600 FEG” (Fig. 4). It has been found 
that the powder produced by the electroerosion disper-
sion method from copper wastes mainly consists of the 
particles of regular spherical shape (or elliptical) with 
inclusions of the particles of irregular (conglomerates) 
and fragmentation shapes. 
 
 
 
Fig. 4 – Themicrography of the particles of copper electroero-
sion powder 
 
Based on the obtained results it can be said that the 
copper powders produced using electroerosion disper-
sion can be used for waste processing into nanopowders 
at low costs and without adverse effects on the envi-
ronment. 
The work is done on the subject of the grant of 
the President of Russian Federation MK-1765.2013.8 
number.
 
 
REFERENCES 
 
1. N.M. Khor'yakova, V.S. Malyukhov, Perspektivnoye 
razvitiye nauki, tekhniki i tekhnologii: Sb. dokladov III-y 
Mezhdu-nar. nauch.-praktich. konf. v 3 tomakh. Tom 3, 
258, ISBN 978-5-905556-67-8 (Kursk: YUZGU: 2013)  
[in Russian]. 
2. Ye.V. Ageyev, N.M. Khor'yakova, V.S. Malyukhov, Sov-
remennyye tverdofaznyye tekhnologii: teoriya, praktika i 
innovatsionnyy menedzhment: Sb. dokladov Mezhdunar. 
nauch.-innovats. konf., 166, ISBN 978-5-905724-24-4  
(Tambov: Izd-vo II Chesnokova A.V.: 2013) [in Russian]. 
3. Ye.V. Ageyev, Patent 2449859, Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, 
C2, B22F9/14. № 2010104316/02; zayav. 08.02.2010; 
opubl. 10.05.2012. – 4 s[in Russian]. 
4. Ye.V. Ageyev, R.A. Latypov, B.A. Semenikhin, 
Ye.V. Ageyeva, Sostav i svoystva poroshkov, poluchennykh 
elektroerozionnym dispergirovaniyem otkhodov tverdykh 
splavov, 123 c. ISBN 978-5-7681-0629-4 (Yugo-Zap. Gos. 
Un-t: Kursk: 2011) [in Russian]. 


Production of Copper Electroerosion Nanopowders from Wastes in Kerosene Medium

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

JOURNAL OF NANO- AND ELECTRONIC PHYSICS ЖУРНАЛНАНО- ТАЕЛЕКТРОННОЇФІЗИКИ Vol. 6 No 3, 03011(3pp) (2014) Том 6 № 3, 03011(3cc) (2014)   The article was reported at the International Conference «The Advanced Technology, Equipment and Analytical Systems for Materials», Kursk, 13-14 May, 2014 2077-6772/2014/6(3)03011(3) 03011-1  2014 Sumy State University Production of Copper Electroerosion Nanopowders from Wastes in Kerosene Medium  E.V. Ageevа, E.V. Ageev, N.M. Horyakova, V.S. Malukhov  South-West State University, 94, 50 Let Oktyabrya Str., 305040 Kursk, Russia  (Received 19 May 2014; published online15 July 2014)  This article describes the parameters of copper powder materials production from wastes of electrical copper wire using electroerosion dispersion method in kerosene medium. The results of the percentage of the different fractions of the produced copper powder and the study of the shapes of the resulted copper particles are presented.  Keywords: Copper wastes, Electroerosion dispersion, Copper nanopowder, Parameters of powdering of electroerosion dispersion process, Particle-size distribution of copper powder, Copper powder particle shape.   PACS numbers: 42.65.Dr, 75.60.Ch   1. INTRODUCTION  Currently, copper nanopowders are widely used as additives for manufacturing components by powder metallurgy and other purposes, mainly in electrical, instrument-making, machine-building, chemical and aviation industries, as well as in nanotechnology [1]. Nowadays, there are many methods allowing manu-facturing ultradispersed powders from metals. Among the variety of these methods it is particularly important to find relatively simple, cost-effective and environmen-tally friendly processes for the synthesis of ultradis-persed materials. In recent years, the chosen method of electroerosion dispersion is becoming one of the most promising. This method allows manufacturing powder from almost any current-conducting metal [2]. However, the widespread use of the method of elec-troerosion dispersion is hindered by the lack of literature reference material on the optimization of the parameters of powdering and resulting copper powders properties. For the widespread use of this method extensive theoret-ical and experimental studies are required. Therefore, the goal of this research is to study the parameters of powdering of the process of production of copper powder materials by electroerosion dispersion from electrical copper wire wastes in kerosene medium and the study of the particle size distribution and the shape of the copper powder particles.  2. MATERIALLY AND METHODS  The process of copper powders production is carried out on the unit for producing nanopowders from current-conducting materials (Patent 2449859, Russian Federa-tion, C2, B22F9/14). This unit comprises electroerosion dispersion reactor for current-conducting materials put into it, the voltage regulator and the pulse generator [3]. For copper powder production by electroerosion dis-persion copper wire wastes were used. The wire was put into the reactor filled with kerosene as working liquid; the process was carried out by varying the elec-trical parameters:  the electrodes voltage, the frequency of the pulse generator and the capacitance of the dis-charge capacitors. The destruction of the copper wire occurred as a result of the local impact of the short-duration electrical discharges between the electrodes. 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCATIONS  When producing powders by electroerosion dispersion the main controlled parameters of powdering process are the average powder particles size (particle size distribu-tion), the productivity of the process and the chemical composition of the powder. The first two parameters can be changed within a wide range (changing the electrical parameters of the process), whereas the chemical composi-tion of the powder depends on the initial chemical compo-sition of the dispersible material and the chemical compo-sition of the used working liquid [4]. The production rate of the electroerosion dispersion process can be divided into weight output and quantita-tive outcome. Weight output is expressed by the weight of the powder produced per time unit, and depends on the average weight of the powder particles (which in turn depends on the average size of the powder parti-cles) and their quantity. Quantitative outcome is also expressed by the weight / mass of the powder produced per time unit, but depends only on the powder particle count, i.e. weight output can be increased by increasing the average powder particle size and increasing the resulted powder particle count; and quantitative out-come can be increased only by increasing the resulted powder particle count. It is obviously the quantitative outcome that is important when producing powders with a given size of particles [4]. Figure 1 shows the graph of dependence of the weight of the resulted copper powder produced in the kerosene medium on the pulse generator operating fre-quency when the voltage across the electrodes of the reactor U  220 V and the capacitance of the discharge capacitors C  45.5 F. Experiment proved that there is directly propor-tional dependence of the weight of copper powder on the time between pulses in the range of up to 100 Hz. Further increase of frequency decreases the powdering. It is obvious that by means of increasing the pulse gen-erator operating frequency it is possible to increase the quantitative outcome of electroerosion dispersion pro-cess, but this increase is limited by the time of charge and discharge of discharge capacitors and the speed of charging and discharging thyristor switches.  E.V. AGEEVA, E.V. AGEEV, ET AL. J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 6, 03011 (2014)   03011-2 Pulse energy can be changed either by changing the capacitance of the discharge capacitors, or by changing the reactor electrodes voltage.    Fig. 1 – The dependence of the weight of the resulted copper powder on the operating frequency of the electroerosion dis-persion unit (U  220 , C  45.5 F)  Figure 2 shows the relationship between the productivity of the process of powder production and the capacitance of the discharge capacitors. Experiment proved that there is directly proportional dependence of the weight of resulted copper powder on the capaci-tance of the discharge capacitors at different values of the time between pulses. Figure 3 shows the graphs of the dependence of the productivity of the process of powder production on the reactor electrodes voltage of the electroerosion dispersion unit. Experiment the proved the depend-ence of the weight of the resulting powder on the electrodes voltage.   1 − ν  100 Hz; 2 − ν  44 Hz  Fig 2 – The dependence of the weight of the resulted copper powder on the capacitance of discharge capacitors (U  220 V)    Fig. 3 – The dependence of the weight of the resulted copper powder on the reactor electrodes voltage (C  45.5 µF)  Table 1 – The results of the study of the percentage of different fractions of copper powder  № Particlesize Contentof a frac-tion, % № Particlesize Contentof a frac-tion, % x Low [m] x High [m] x Low [m] x High [m] 1 0,1 0,109 0,02 40 3,42 3,74 0,72 2 0,109 0,12 0 41 3,74 4,08 0,69 3 0,12 0,131 0 42 4,08 4,48 0,71 4 0,131 0,144 0 43 4,48 4,9 0,77 5 0,144 0,157 0,01 44 4,9 5,36 0,91 6 0,157 0,172 0,03 45 5,36 5,88 1,1 7 0,172 0,188 0,05 46 5,88 6,42 1,35 8 0,188 0,206 0,09 47 6,42 7,04 1,65 9 0,206 0,226 0,13 48 7,04 7,7 1,98 10 0,226 0,248 0,18 49 7,7 8,44 2,31 11 0,248 0,27 0,23 50 8,44 9,24 2,6 12 0,27 0,296 0,28 51 9,24 10,1 2,8 13 0,296 0,324 0,34 52 10,1 11,06 2,85 14 0,324 0,356 0,39 53 11,06 12,12 2,71 15 0,356 0,388 0,44 54 12,12 13,26 2,35 16 0,388 0,426 0,48 55 13,26 14,52 1,81 17 0,426 0,466 0,5 56 14,52 15,9 1,18 18 0,466 0,51 0,52 57 15,9 17,4 0,64 19 0,51 0,558 0,53 58 17,4 19,04 0,37 20 0,558 0,612 0,53 59 19,04 20,8 0,55 21 0,612 0,67 0,52 60 20,8 22,8 1,27 22 0,67 0,732 0,5 61 22,8 25 2,46 23 0,732 0,802 0,48 62 25 27,4 3,92 24 0,802 0,878 0,47 63 27,4 30 5,31 25 0,878 0,96 0,46 64 30 32,8 6,28  PRODUCTION OF COPPER ELECTROEROSION NANOPOWDERS… J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 6, 03011 (2014)   03011-3 26 0,96 1,052 0,46 65 32,8 35,8 6,58 27 1,052 1,152 0,47 66 35,8 39,2 6,21 28 1,152 1,26 0,51 67 39,2 43 5,34 29 1,26 1,38 0,56 68 43 47 4,29 30 1,38 1,51 0,63 69 47 51,6 3,31 31 1,51 1,654 0,7 70 51,6 56,4 2,52 32 1,654 1,81 0,78 71 56,4 61,8 1,92 33 1,81 1,982 0,85 72 61,8 67,6 1,41 34 1,982 2,18 0,89 73 67,6 74 0,95 35 2,18 2,38 0,92 74 74 81 0,55 36 2,38 2,6 0,91 75 81 88,8 0,24 37 2,6 2,84 0,88 76 88,8 97,2 0,07 38 2,84 3,12 0,83 77 97,2 106,4 0,01 39 3,12 3,42 0,77 78 106,4 116,4 0  Figure 3 shows the graphs of the dependence of the productivity of the process of powder production on the pulse energy of the electroerosion dispersion unit. The-se graphs were obtained both changing the capacitance of the discharge capacitors at constant reactor elec-trodes voltage and changing the electrode voltage at permanent capacitance. Having analyzed the obtained relationships, it is possible to conclude that the weight of the resulted copper powder is directly proportional to the pulse en-ergy (the energy of capacitors discharge). This explains the quadratic dependence of the weight of the resulted copper powder on the voltage and the linear depend-ence of the weight of the resulted copper powder on capacitors capacity. Thus, it can be noted that, on the other conditions be-ing equal, weight output of the electroerosion dispersion process can be controlled by changing the capacitance of discharge capacitors and the source voltage of the electro-erosion dispersion unit, and the quantitative outcome of the process can be controlled by changing the operating frequency of the electroerosion dispersion unit. It is known that depending on the powder particle size and their shape the properties of the resulting powder and the properties of the powder-based materi-al will change. Therefore, the resulting powder was evaporated and the distribution of the resulting parti-cles was analyzed according to the size using a laser particle size analyzer “Analysette 22 NanoTec”, be-cause laser diffraction has several important ad-vantages, such as short analysis time, good reproduci-bility and accuracy, simple calibration, large measure-ment range and high flexibility. The results of particle size measurements are pre-sented in Table 1. It has been found that the average particle size is 23.65 m. The fractions of the powder in the range up to 960 nm are highlighted. The content of nanofractions in the analyzed copper powder is 7.18 %. To study the shapes of the resulted copper particles micrographs were made using scanning electron micro-scope “QUANTA 600 FEG” (Fig. 4). It has been found that the powder produced by the electroerosion disper-sion method from copper wastes mainly consists of the particles of regular spherical shape (or elliptical) with inclusions of the particles of irregular (conglomerates) and fragmentation shapes.    Fig. 4 – Themicrography of the particles of copper electroero-sion powder  Based on the obtained results it can be said that the copper powders produced using electroerosion disper-sion can be used for waste processing into nanopowders at low costs and without adverse effects on the envi-ronment. The work is done on the subject of the grant of the President of Russian Federation MK-1765.2013.8 number.  REFERENCES  1. N.M. Khor'yakova, V.S. Malyukhov, Perspektivnoye razvitiye nauki, tekhniki i tekhnologii: Sb. dokladov III-y Mezhdu-nar. nauch.-praktich. konf. v 3 tomakh. Tom 3, 258, ISBN 978-5-905556-67-8 (Kursk: YUZGU: 2013)  [in Russian]. 2. Ye.V. Ageyev, N.M. Khor'yakova, V.S. Malyukhov, Sov-remennyye tverdofaznyye tekhnologii: teoriya, praktika i innovatsionnyy menedzhment: Sb. dokladov Mezhdunar. nauch.-innovats. konf., 166, ISBN 978-5-905724-24-4  (Tambov: Izd-vo II Chesnokova A.V.: 2013) [in Russian]. 3. Ye.V. Ageyev, Patent 2449859, Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, C2, B22F9/14. № 2010104316/02; zayav. 08.02.2010; opubl. 10.05.2012. – 4 s[in Russian]. 4. Ye.V. Ageyev, R.A. Latypov, B.A. Semenikhin, Ye.V. Ageyeva, Sostav i svoystva poroshkov, poluchennykh elektroerozionnym dispergirovaniyem otkhodov tverdykh splavov, 123 c. ISBN 978-5-7681-0629-4 (Yugo-Zap. Gos. Un-t: Kursk: 2011) [in Russian]. 

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Production of Copper Electroerosion Nanopowders from Wastes in Kerosene Medium

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