When the level of fiber is increased, it is important to evaluate the impact of this addition upon the nutrients digestibility. The present study evaluated the effect of variation in the amount of total dietary fiber in sow diets, provided from 74 to 87 days of gestation, on the digestibility of nutrients. Thirty three sows were used in a randomized experimental design. The amounts of total dietary fiber in three treatment diets were 15.6; 22.3 and 28.2%. To increase the amount of dietary fiber, rice grain and soybean meal were partially substituted for defatted rice bran and soybean hulls. The daily consumption of nutrients and energy was similar between the 74 to 87 days of gestation, differing only in the volume of ration consumed, which was 2.1; 2.2 and 2.4 kg/day. During gestation, the increase in total dietary fiber resulted in a significant decrease in the apparent total tract digestibility of total dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber e soluble dietary fiber. Increasing the amount of total dietary fiber reduced the digestibility of nutrients, mainly of the total dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber

Araújo, Fabiane Arce

Denardin, Cristiane Casagrande

Oelke, Carlos Alexandre

Ribeiro, Andrea Machado Leal

Schreiner, Tiago

Veit, Fernando Cézar

International Journal of Current Research

English

Lume 5.8

             DIGESTIBILITY OF TOTAL, INSOLUBLE AND SOLUBLE DIETARY FIBER OF 1, *Carlos Alexandre Oelke, 2Andréa Machado Leal Ribeiro, 1Fernando Cézar Veit, 1Federal University of Pampa, Rodovia BR 472, km 592, P.O. box 118, 975082Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 7712, 91Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilARTICLE INFO                     ABSTRACT   When the level of fiber is increased, it is important to evaluate the impact of this addition upon the nutrients digestibility. The present study evaluated the fiber in sow diets, provided from 74 to 87 days of gestation, on the digestibility of nutrients. Thirtythree sows were used in a randomized experimental design. The amounts of total dietary fiber in threetreatment diets were 15.6; 22.3 and 28.2%. To increase the amount of dietary fiber, rice grain and soybean meal were partially substituted for defatted rice bran and soybean hulls. The daily consumption of nutrients and energy was similar between the 74 tin the volume of ration consumed, which was 2.1; 2.2 and 2.4 kg/day. During gestation, the increase in total dietary fiber resulted in a significant decrease in the apparent total tract digestibility of total dietary reduced the digestibility of nutrients, mainly of the total dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber. Copyright © 2018, Carlos Alexandre Oelke et al. Thiunrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,       INTRODUCTION  The addition of fiber to the diet of sows helps to control weight and minimize the stress associated with confinement of sows in gestation crates and feed restrictions that pregnant females endure (Ramonet et al., 1999; Danielsen and2001; Gentilini et al., 2003). Besides, the fiber utilized during pregnancy may affect positively in the weight of piglets by birth and sow’s feed consumption along lactation, reflecting in the piglet’s weaning weight (van der Peet-2003; Veum et al., 2009). However, by increasing the level of fiber in the diet, it is important to evaluate the impact of this addition upon the nutrients’ digestibility, since increasing the level of fiber in the diet there is a decrease in digestibility and energy (Le Gall et al., 2009).Nutritionists must understand the effects of dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility of diets to properly feed high-fiber die(Renteria-Flores, 2008). Despite the substantial debate over the use of fiber in the diet of pregnant sows, there  *Corresponding author: Carlos Alexandre Oelke, Federal University of Pampa, Rodovia BR 472, km 592, P.O. box 118, 97508-000, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilISSN: 0975-833X Article History:  Received 17th December, 2017 Received in revised form  24th January, 2018 Accepted 19th February, 2018 Published online 28th March, 2018  Citation: Carlos Alexandre Oelke, Andréa Machado Leal Ribeiro, Cristiane Casagrande Denardin, Fernando Cézar Veit, Tiago Schreiner and Fabiane Arce Araújo, 2018. “Digestibility of total, insoluble and soluble dietary fiber of sows during gestation10, (03), 66188-66190.   Key words:  Non-starch polysaccharides,  Soybean hull, Alpha-amylase, Glucoamylase, Protease.      RESEARCH ARTICLE  SOWS DURING GESTATION  1Cristiane Casagrande Denardin, 1Tiago Schreiner and 1Fabiane Arce Araújo Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil      effect of variation in the amount of total dietary o 87 days of gestation, differing only fiber, insoluble dietary fiber e soluble dietary fiber. Increasing the amount of total dietary fiber s is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons provided the original work is properly cited.  Vestergaard, Schwering et al., nutrients ts to sows       remain uncertainties over its use (Reeserelation to the level of total dietary fiber (TDF) to be used. According to the National Research Council (2012), the main challenge in measuring TDF is its implementation in nutrition laboratories. In addition, it is important to evaluate the digestibility of the soluble and insoluble fractions of dietary fiber. The present study evaluated the digestibility of soluble dietary fiber, insoluble and totapregnancy of sows fed with diets containing different levels of TDF.  MATERIALS AND METHODS All procedures conducted on sows were approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (Protocol number 006/2014) of the Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA). Thirty-three sows (commercial breeders Fertilis 20 from Généticporc Company, Yargo do Sul – Brazil), weighing on average 232.1 ± 23.4 kg (mean ± residual standard deviation) at 74 days of gestation, were used in a completely randomized experimental design, with 11 replicates per treatment. During the gestation peenvironmental temperature ranged between 17.5 ± 2.7 °C and International Journal of Current Research Vol. 10, Issue, 03, pp.66188-66190, March, 2018   ”, International Journal of Current ReseaAvailable online at http://www.journalcra.com  z   -000, Uruguaiana,  540-000,    -   Attribution License, which permits   et al., 2008), mainly in l fiber from 82 to 87 days of  Piggery of Itaqui – Rio Grande riod, the  INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL   OF CURRENT RESEARCH  rch, 24.8 ± 3.4 °C. All sows received the same diet up to 73 days of gestation, with 13.2 MJ/kg of digestible energy (DE), 14.8% of crude protein (CP), 5.2% of ash, and 4.3% of crude fiber (CF). Rations were given in one meal per day at 0800 h in the following quantities: 2 kg/day from 0 to 7 days and 2.4 kg/day from 8 to 73 days of gestation. From 74 to 87 days of gestation, sows were subjected to one of the dietary treatments shown in Table 1. The treatment dietary rations were given in one meal per day at 0800 h. The diets during gestation were formulated in accordance with National Research Council (2012). The daily gestation ration (Table 1) was adjusted based on the amounts of energy and lysine in the diets, so that sows would consume the same quantity of nutrients per day. To increase the amount of fiber in the diet, rice grain and soybean meal were partially substituted for defatted rice bran (DRB) and soybean hulls (SH). Water was available ad libitum for sows throughout the experimental period. The chemical composition of the diets was determined using the techniques described by AOAC (1990), except fiber (total, insoluble, and soluble), which was determined according to the enzymatic method described by Lee et al., (1992) using the enzymes alpha-amylase, glucoamylase and protease, at 240 KNU-T/g, 300 AGU/mL and 2.4 AU-A/g, respectively. From 74 days of gestation, 0.35% of the indicator chromium oxide (Cr2O3) was included in all the diets and a partial collection of feces was performed daily from 82 to 87 days of gestation. Feces were analyzed to measure the levels of chromium oxide, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and total dietary fiber (TDF). To determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of the nutrients, the following equation, described by Sun et al. (2014), was used: ATTD (%) = 100 - {100 × [(% of the indicator in the diet/% of the indicator in the faeces) × (% of the nutrient in the faeces/% of the nutrient in the diet)]}.  Table 1. Ingredients, chemical composition and daily consumption of gestation and lactation diets in sows  Item Level of total dietary fiber1 15.60% 22.30% 28.20% Ingredients (%)    Defatted rice bran 32.0 34.8 37.6 Rice grain 57.0 44.2 31.4 Blood and bone meal 4.0 4.0 4.0 Soybean meal 4.2 2.1 0.0 Soybean hulls - 12.2 24.4 Limestone 1.29 1.17 1.05 Salt 0.220 0.23 0.240 Rice oil 1.00 1.00 1.00 Vitamin and mineral premix2 0.274 0.274 0.274 Copper sulfate 0.024 0.024 0.024 Analyzed composition (%)3    Crude protein 15.6 13.9 12.9 Ashes 6.6 8.1 9.6 Ether extract 1.28 2.06 2.28 Crude fiber 3.3 7.0 10.1 Insoluble dietary fiber 10.6 16.9 20.7 Soluble dietary fiber 5.0 5.4 7.5 Total dietary fiber 15.6 22.3 28.2 Dry matter (% in the diets) 86.2 88.3 87.7 Gross energy (MJ/kg of NM) 14.36 15.06 15.47 Digestible energy (MJ/kg of NM) 12.54 12.24 11.92 Daily ration consumption (kg)    74 to 87 days of gestation 2.10 2.21 2.40  1Amounts of total dietary fiber in gestation diets. 2Guarantee levels: Vitamin A, 4 750000 UI/kg; Vitamin D3, 950000 UI/kg; Vitamin E, 17500 UI/kg; Vitamin K3, 550 mg/kg; Vitamin B1, 1000 mg/kg; Vitamin B2, 3188 mg/kg; Vitamin B6, 1590.50 mg/kg; Vitamin B12, 9000 mcg/kg; Niacin, 14068 mg/kg; Pantothenic acid, 8500 mg/kg; Folic acid, 700 mg/kg; Biotin, 300 mg/kg; Choline chloride, 104.14 g/kg, B.H.T, 250 mg/kg; Calcium, 60 g/kg; Manganese, 45 g/kg; Zinc, 170 g/kg; Iron, 80 g/kg; Copper, 12 g/kg; Iodine, 750 mg/kg; Selenium, 300 mg/kg. 3As fed.   Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS software, and LSmeans were compared using the Fisher’s (LSD) test. Fixed effect of fiber level was included in all the models of analysis. Linear and quadratic effects of fiber level were also investigated.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  The ATTD of TDF, IDF and SDF presented a linear decrease (P < 0.05) with a higher TDF level in the diet (Table 2). There was not any statistical difference (P>0.05) between the treatments with 22.3% and 28.2% of TDF, to the variables studied.  Table 2. Effect of the amount of total dietary (TDF) fiber in the diet of sows (74 to 114 days of gestation) on the apparent total tract digestibility (%)  Variables Total dietary fiber level d.p. P-value 15.6% 22.3% 28.2% Diets L1 TDF 70.5a 58.4b 55.8b 7.5 <0.001 <0.001 Insoluble dietary fiber 57.6a 50.0b 47.1b 6.01 <0.001 <0.001 Soluble dietary fiber 92.2a 86.7ab 82.3b 7.63 0.006 <0.001  Values in the row with different superscripts differ significantly at P < 0.05, after analysis of variance and comparison using the LSD test. d.p. = standard deviation. 1Linear response for the fiber level.  This study aimed to meet the nutritional requirements of sows, despite the variation in diet composition. The daily energy consumption from 74 to 87 days of gestation was 26.8; 26.0 and 26.9 MJ/kg of DE, and 327; 306 and 308 g of CP, for the 15.6; 22.3 and 28.2% TDF treatments, respectively. When the levels of fiber were increased in the diet there was a decrease in the digestibility of TDF, IDF and SDF. By adding higher amounts of fiber in the diet, the digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and energy decrease for sows (Holt et al., 2006; Le Gall et al., 2009) and growing swines (Zhang et al., 2013). The greater amount of fiber in the diet leads to important physiological changes, such as an increased viscosity of the diet (Kim et al., 2005) and reduced time for the passage of chyme (Jorgensen et al., 1996; Lattimer and Haub, 2010), which decreases the fermentation time in the large intestine (Wilfart et al., 2007). However, Zhang et al. (2013) observed that as TDF in diets is increased there is a linear increase (P<0.01) in ATTD of TDF, IDF and SDF of growing swines. Similarly, Le Gall et al. (2009) observed an increase in ATTD (P<0.05) by increasing TDF from 12.6% to 21.4%. Although, with higher TDF values (30.5% and 38.2%) and lower ATTD values (P<0.05). Renteria-Flores et al. (2008), when working with pregnant sows that consumed diets with different concentrations of soluble and insoluble fiber, observed a decrease (P<0.01) in nitrogen digestibility. However, these authors noted that by increasing only the amount of soluble fiber in the diet, nitrogen digestibility remained the same (P>0.01). In contrast, with low levels of the soluble fraction, if the amount of insoluble fiber in the diet is increased, nitrogen digestibility decreases (P<0.01). 66189                              Carlos Alexandre Oelke et al. Digestibility of total, insoluble and soluble dietary fiber of sows during gestation  The variation that occurs in digestibility of TDF, IDF and SDF may be due to the different sources of fiber used in the diets (Zhang et al., 2013). In this study, the sources of fiber chosen were rice bran and soybean hull, and the digestibility of nutrients decreased as higher amount of these ingredients were added to the diets. A similar effect was observed by Le Gall et al. (2009) when working with diets containing soybean hulls, wheat bran and beet pulp. Conversely, Zhang et al. (2013) when working with diets for growing pigs based on rice starch, casein and beet pulp, noted that as TDF in diets was increased, the levels of TDF’s ATTD, IDF and SDF also increased, the authors assigned this response to the ingredients used, the presence of components from endogenous secretions, that are analysed as TDF, though they are not, and also to a higher fermentation of SDF in large intestine.  Conclusion  The higher levels of TDF, IDF and SDF in diet, obtained by the addition of higher amounts of defatted rice bran and soybean hulls cause a decrease in the ATTD of these nutrients. 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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, v.4, n.7, p.1-7.    ******* 66190                                             International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 10, Issue, 03, pp.66188-66190, March, 2018  

Digestibility of total, insoluble and soluble dietary fiber of sows during gestation

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Digestibility of total, insoluble and soluble dietary fiber of sows during gestation

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