Please read abstract in the article.http://jomardpublishing.com/journals.aspx?lang=en&id=13am2023Physic

Akhundzada, H.V.

Aliyev, O.A.

Demir, E.

Doroshkevich, A.S.

Horodek, P.

Imanova, G.T.

Mamedov, F.

Mirzayev, M.N.

Neov, D.

Popov, E.P.

Sidorin, A.A.

Thabethe, Thabsile Theodora

UPSpace at the University of Pretoria

Advanced Physical Research Vol.4, No.2, 2022, pp.81-86                                              81   KINETICS OF THERMO HETEROGENEOUS PROCESS UNDER  NON-ISOTHERMAL TERMS ON THE TITANIUM CARBIDE: A STUDY  ON THE DIFFERENT IRRADIATION CONDITIONS  E.P. Popov1,2,3*, O.A. Aliyev4,5, E. Demir6, D. Neov1,2, A.S. Doroshkevich1,7,  M.N. Mirzayev1,8,9, P. Horodek10, T.T. Thabethe11, G.T. Imanova8,  H.V. Akhundzada8,9,12, A.A. Sidorin1, F. Mamedov13      1Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia 2Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,   Sofia, Bulgaria 3G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid-State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria 4Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan 5Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan 6Yeditepe University, Physics Department, Istanbul, Turkey 7Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering named after O.O. Galkin NAS of Ukraine,   Kyiv, Ukraine 8Institute of Radiation Problems, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan 9Scientific-Research Institute Geotecnological Problems of Oil, Gas and Chemistry, Azerbaijan   State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan 10Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland 11Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa 12Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan 13Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic   Abstract. We have used confocal to study the defects introduced in the nanoparticle titanium carbide by different irradiation conditions. In the work used nano TiC powder with a purity of 99.9 %, bulk density of 0.16 g/cm3 to 4.93 g/cm3 (true density of 4.93 g/cm3), specific surface area (SSA) of 35 m2/g. The heat capacity value increases to 51.6 J/K×mol in titanium carbide nanoparticles subjected to 1015 n/cm2 neutron flux and 500 kGy gamma irradiation. The non-irradiated sample is up to 58.6 J/K×mol, and it is equal to 60 J/K×mol for the sample exposed to 1015 n/cm2 neutron flux. Keywords: Calorimetry, Thermodynamics, Heterogeneous process, Titanium carbide.  Corresponding Author: E.P. Popov, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, 141980, Russia, e-mail: evpetropov@abv.bg   Received: 29 June 2022;                  Accepted: 16 July 2022;                    Published: 30 August 2022.   1. Introduction Titanium and titanium ceramic-based materials are widely used in detectors, coatings, nuclear technology, solar energy, the production of optical materials and the application for ceramic armor (Agayev et al., 2020; Alekperov et al., 2019; Demir et al., 2019, 2020). Firstly, titanium carbide is used as the many functional materials, such as the neutron absorber with large neutron cross-section of 10B in a nuclear reactor, the anticorrosion and refractory material at high temperature with high hardness (Subramanian et al., 2010). In addition, TiC and its composite have been expected as the ADVANCED PHYSICAL RESEARCH, V.4, N.2, 2022   82  thermoelectric materials, which transform thermal energy directly to electrical energy at high temperatures (Gunjishima et al., 2001; Arita et al., 2000). Secondly, hexagonal titanium carbide a wide bandgap semiconductor known for its deep ultraviolet photonic application has emerged as an outstanding neutron detector material due to the fact that the isotope has a large capture cross section (3840 barn) for thermal neutrons (Maity et al., 2018, Mirzayev et al., 2020, 2021). The fact that these materials are resistant to variable temperature ranges further increases the demand for them. High melting point, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of sample at the 30-1000 °C temperature range were decreases from 0.065 cm2/sec to 0.011 cm2/sec, and from 0.30 W/cm∙K to 0.05 W/cm∙K, respectively (Mishra et al., 2015). Other way round, the heat capacity increases from 2.1 J/g∙°C to 2.7 J/g∙°C at the temperature range 30-1000 °C in the titanium carbide. Thermal conductivity of titanium carbide of 29 W/m∙K to 96 W/cm∙K, respectively. The specific heat capacity various from 1.1 J/g∙°C to 1.6 J/g∙°C in titanium carbide at the 440 °C to 580 °C. The lattice parameters of hexagonal graphite-like titanium carbide have been measured in the temperature range from 300 to 1800 K up to 7 GPa using energy-dispersive powder diffraction of synchrotron radiation. From the obtained p-V-T relation for TiC, the temperature dependence of isothermal bulk modulus (B0[GPa] = 32.06(4) + 4.47(9)·e−(T[K] − 298)298) and pressure dependence of thermal expansion coefficient (β × 106[K−] = 40.9(8) − 1.6(2)·p[GPa]) have been derived (Zhi et al., 2011; Solozhenko et al., 1997). In addition, the thermophysical properties of composite boron carbide (TiC-SiC) compounds are keeping as in free carbide (Perevislov et al., 2020). Abenojar et al, were studied during the curing reaction the influence of TiC on the kinetic parameters and activation energy of TiC/epoxy sample (Abenojar et al., 2014). The thermal conductivities of the SiC–TiC composites, on the other hand, showed a decreasing trend from that of the base-line specimen. The reduction of the thermal conductivity for the composites indicates that the presence of the SiC/TiC interface hinders efficient phonon transport. Typical electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, flexural strength, fracture toughness, and hardness of the SiC-2 vol% TiC composites were 6.9 × 106 Ω cm, 99.7 W/m K, 554 MPa, 2.4 MPa m1/2, and 26 GPa, respectively (Kim et al., 2015). In this research paper main aim, we study the thermodynamic properties of nano titanium carbide samples after degradation and amorphization mechanism under gamma and neutron irradiation.  2. Experimental methods 2.1. Materials and structural characterization TiC nano powder with a purity of 99.9 %, bulk density of 0.16 g/cm3 to 4.93 g/cm3 (true density of 4.93 g/cm3), specific surface area (SSA) of 35 m2/g, Zeta potential 25 mV, chemical composition (free O< 0.9 %, Mg<3ppm, Al<60ppm, Cu<3ppm, Si<40ppm, Fe<35ppm and Ni<5.5ppm) (US Research Nanomaterials, Inc., TX, USA), respectively (Mirzayev et al., 2019, 2020). The TiC belongs to the cubicspace groups (𝐷3𝑑5  - R3̅m) with lattice constants are a = 0.519 nm, α = 66º18ʹ and hexagonal lattice constants are a = 0.560 nm and c = 1.212 nm, respectively (Clark et al., 1943). R.S. Pease showed unit cell dimensions of hexagonal boron nitride sample space groups (P63/mmc) at the 35.3ºC of a = 2.5038 Å and c = 6.660 Å (Pease et al., 1950). The lattice parameters and space groups of the titanium carbide are consistent with the references results (Mirzayev et al., 2018, 2020). E.P. POPOV et al.: KINETICS OF THERMO HETEROGENEOUS PROCESS...   83  2.2. Differential scanning calorimetric technique The low temperature DSC measurements were carried out using the DSC3 STARe Systems manufactured by METTLER TOLEDO. The standard adiabatic calorimetry (no vacuum) was performed in the temperature range of 77 up to 300 K at a heating rate of 5 K/min in argon atmosphere at flow rate (20 ml/min and which was previously calibrated with indium) (Mirzayev et al., 2018, 2019). High temperature DSC measurements were carried out using the standard adiabatic calorimetry STA 449 F3 Jupiter®, which was performed in the temperature range of 300–1400 K with a heating rate of 5 K/min in an argon atmosphere (Mirzayev et al., 2022). 2.3. Irradiation techniques The samples were enveloped with aluminium foil and then irradiated at different doses. Neutron irradiation was conducted at the IBR–2 high–flux pulsed reactor at Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics (JINR, Dubna, Russia). The samples were irradiated at normal conditions 293.15 K and 1 atm at fluencie of 1015 n/cm² (neutron energy E > 0.1 MeV) (Mirzayev et al., 2020; Darziyeva et al., 2021; Neov et al., 2022; Jabarov et al., 2021). The γ dose rate was ∼ 500 kGy which is about 85 % of the total dose.  3. Results and Discussion   The heat capacity of a sample is one of the most important thermophysical parameters and characterizing the material at the termodinamic profile. The complex heat capacity of the sample is divided into two real and imaginary main parts. In recent years the determination of the value of heat capacity (real and imaginary) for thermodynamic reversing and non-reversing processes has been widely studied by researchers (Simon et al., 2001; Reading et al., 1994; Hemminger et al., 2003; Clark et al., 1943). 𝐶𝑝,𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 =𝐴𝑝𝑚𝐴?̇?  𝐶𝑝,   𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 =1𝑚(𝑊𝛽−𝐴𝑝𝐴?̇? ) The 𝐴𝑝 amplitude of heat flow calculated from temperature difference between of research sample and reference sample in the calorimetric spectra of DSC. The 𝐴?̇?  calculated to the temperature profile of the heat flow rate curve and calculated from sinusoidal or sawtooth temperature profile (Simon et al., 2001). The sinusoidal profile may be calculated from equation 𝑇 = 𝑇0 + 𝛽𝑡 + sin (𝜔𝑡), β: heating rate, T and T0 initial and after temperatures of the sample in time t and t = 0. The weight of sample measurements was made using a digital balance (M/s Sartorius, model BP221S, USA) and accuracy in the measurement of weight was ±0.00001 mg. In addition, it is possible to switch to thermodynamic functions with a specified heat capacity. With the given values of temperature-dependent functions for thermophysical properties, it is possible to determine the heat flow, calibration factor and heat capacity. Figure 1 shows the temperature dependence of the specific heat capacity under the influence of neutron and gamma radiation in the temperature range of 77≤T≤2000 K in the sample of nano titanium carbide. It is known that the temperature dependence of the heat capacity characterizes the temperature dependence kinetics of the heat flow. It is clear from the dependence of heat capacity on temperature that the temperature range of 0-674 K K can be called the "quantum region of heat capacity" in ADVANCED PHYSICAL RESEARCH, V.4, N.2, 2022   84  the non-irradiated, 1015 n/cm2 neutron flux and 500 kGy gamma radiation sample. At this time, the heat capacity value increases to 46.5 J/K×mol in the specified interval. However, the heat capacity value increases to 51.6 J/K×mol in titanium carbide nanoparticles subjected to 1015 n/cm2 neutron flux and 500 kGy gamma irradiation. However, starting from the temperature of 674 K, the heat capacity for the non-irradiated sample is up to 58.6 J/K×mol, and it is equal to 60 J/K×mol for the sample exposed to 1015 n/cm2 neutron flux and 500 kGy gamma radiation at different intervals.    Fig. 1. Specific heat capacity of nano titanium carbide samples of unirradiation and the neutron  and gamma irradiation at the 0 ≤ T ≤ 2000 K temperature ranges  4. Conclusions We have used DSC spectroscopy to study the defects introduced in the titanium carbide by 1015 n/cm2 neutron flux and 500-kGy gamma irradiation dose. The heat capacity value increases to 51.6 J/K×mol in titanium carbide nanoparticles subjected to 1015 n/cm2 neutron flux and 500 kGy gamma irradiation. 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Kinetics of thermo heterogeneous process under non-isothermal terms on the titanium carbide : a study on the different irradation conditions

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Kinetics of thermo heterogeneous process under non-isothermal terms on the titanium carbide : a study on the different irradation conditions

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