The present study is part of the CESAREF (Concerted European action on Sustainable Applications of REFractories) doctoral network, started in late 2022. The aim of the consortium is the contribution to scientific breakthroughs inherent to refractories for steel making sector thanks to transversal competences deriving from academic and industrial realities. European green deal and circular economy targets set by EU for 2025 are also related to the massive consumption of refractory materials in the steel industry. Operative lifetimes of refractories range from hours to several months depending on their role. As a result of increasingly tightened policies and disposal costs, and due to recent supply chain shortages, end-of-life refractories recovery and recycling practices are receiving great attention. Some of the core requirements for sustainability and circularity are the reduction of open-loop and down scaling strategies, to maintain refractory materials value as long as possible, of the end-of-life materials. Over the years application of numerical models has proved to be a useful strategy for researchers facing in-use issues related to refractory materials. In this study, different finite element models (FEM) applied to end-use refractories are discussed to understand their suitability for potential recyclability prediction. Thermomechanical characterization of prior- and post-use materials allow to identify the critical issues related to numerical models' development. The comparison between empirical results and the appropriate numerical model allow us to identify suitable pathways to improve refractories sustainability
