Mixed intoxication in rats with sodium selenite (0.40 ppm) and fenitrothion (40 mg/kg bm.) resulted in pathomorphological changes in stomach, intestine, spleen and cardiac muscle which were more intense than in Cases when the mentionedcompounds were administered singly. When a lower dose of selenium (0.08 ppm) together with fenitrothion (40 mg/kg b.m.) was used there was a decrease of disorders in examined organs. Moreover, the changes were even less intense than when selenium (0.40 ppm) or fenitrothion (40 mg/kg h.m.) were administered as a single toxicant.Thus, it was concluded that selenium at a dose of 0.08 ppm protected the rats by limiting the toxic activity of Ienitrothion

Barski, Darius

Fabczak, Jacek

Szarek, Josef

Zasadowski, Arkadiusz

English

Journals from University of Tartu

Scand. .I. [ah Antm Sci. \10. 4 1995 . V01. 25Effect of mixed administration of seleniumand fenitrothion on pathomorphological patternin internal organs in ratsby szef Slal‘fik, Arkadim: Zamdmmkfi. Jm’pk Fabczak & Darius: Barski“,Department of Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Administration.*Department ot'Veterinary and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty aneterinary Medicine.Olsztyn University ongricuhure and Technology, Oczapowskiego Str. 13. 10—719 Olsztyn. Poland.InlroductionModern agriculture relies 0n the use ofpesticides (including fenitrothion). Thereforewi1d1ife inhabiting agricultural land can beexposed to a wide range of phosphoroorga—nic compounds. especially if the animal ishighly mobile, 3% in the case of birds (Beckerel al. 1992). Birds in particular, have a verylimited capacity to degrade organophospha-tes and are thus extremely vulnerable topoisoning (Becker er a]. 1992, Bm/ey £'l alr1980). The potential for multiple exposuresraises the question whether the toxic etTectsOf mixtures of chemicals are simple additi-ves or whether there is enhancement of tox-icity. Multiple poisoning usua11y occurs inthe environment but it is always consistentwith single poisoning (Ekholm el al. 1991‘Ernst et a1. 1991, Hamdy & Glssel—Nielsen1976, Hill & Fleming 1982).The toxic effects of more than one com—pound can be a result 01" their incidentalsynergistic or antagonistic activity (Ernst era1. 1991).Selenium is both toxic and csscntia1 t0 theenvironment in which it is often introduced.The toxicity of feniIrothion has been studiedin a lot of experiments (Hamdy & Gissel-Nielsen 1976, Holmex & Boag 1990) as wellas selenium (Hill & Fleming 1982, 110171991‘ Jepson 1993. Johnston 9! 11/. 1994.Kantala & Varliam'n 1991, Khan (’1 al.1993) The influence of both factors hasbeen rarely presented and the objective ofour study was to obtain information on theeffect of selenium and fenitrothion on otherorgans than liver and kidney in the rat.Materials and met/iodxThe experiment was conducted on 240 Wi-star female rats (body mass from 180 g to220 g, Brwinéw near Warsow). Rats werefed with granulated feed ”Murigram".Drinking, water was given ad [ibilum Theanimals were kept in cages measuring 45 cmx 35 cm x 20 cm in groups of 5. Woodscrappings were used for bedding, The roomtemperature was about 22 ”C, the relativehumidity about 30—40 %, and the daylightregime 12 h. Animals were allocated to sixgroups (Table 1) each of 40 rats. Sodiumselenite (Na35e03. POCH, Polish ChemicalReagents.‘ Gliwice) was given in drinkingwater over 12 days. Fenitrothion (IPO. War-sow) 81.4 % solution in cazole oil was ad-ministered per 05 by gavage on the 64h and12—th day. Doses and time for administra-tion of these chemicalq were adapted fromprevious experiments (Szarc’lc et al. 1994).Table [1 Outline ofthc experiment. TREATMENT ____GROUP sodium selenite‘ fenitrothion“(ppm) (mg/kg bm.)1 0.08 011 0.40 0III 0 40IV 0.08 40V 0.40 40V1 0 0(control) * - over 12 day; given in drinking water. _** - administered per 05 by a tube Inserted mmthe stomach,32/Scand, J. Lab. Anim. Sci. No, 4 , 19951V01122During the experiment the rats were exam-ined twice daily for clinical signs and theconsumption of feed and water was monito—red daily. Eight animals from each groupwere weighed and anaesthetizcd by ethylether on the lst, 3rd, 7th. 14th and 28th daypost intoxication (p.i.). Post mortem exam-ination was conducted and sections of sto—mach, duodenum, ileum, caecum, lien, lung,cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle werecollected for histopathological examination.Sections were fixed in 10 % neutralised for-malin and stained with hematoxylin andeosin (HE).Experimental resullsClinical examination of rats from groups III,IV and V indicated an occurrence of perio-dic depression with a partially decreasedfeed intake. Decrease ofbody mass of rats inall treatment groups was observed comparedwith controls. These results have been de—scribed elsewhere (Szarek et a], 1994).»('1‘ .70.U’.f1?:‘.".flig‘(.21: About 30 % of animals in group I showed adegree of hyperaemia of the mucous mem-brane in the stomach, starting 24 hours to 3days p.i. These changes were sporadica11yfound in the mucous and submucous mem-brane ofthe duodenum up to 7 days p.i. Theother organs examined showed a normalstructureAlmost half of the animals in group 11 hadhyperaemic mucous membranes and insome cases hyperaemia of the submucousmembrane in the region of the stomach andduodenum. This disorder lasted up to 7 daysp.i. In 10% of the cases there was hyper-aemia of the mucous membrane in theileum, which lasted up to 14 days p.i. Anincrease in size of reaction centers of theSpleen was observed. These changes wereseen sporadically up to 14 days p.i.In over half of the animals from group 111,there was a noticeable excessive desquama-tion of the epithelial membrane of the sto—mach and duodenum which was most di-’2”.5  \- ‘.‘l I‘' :. .y:9 a. ‘ .aI.Figure 1. Duodcnum in the rat of the 1V group (0.08 ppm sodium seienite and 40 mg/kg b.rn. fenitro-thion), 3 days p.i. — slight hyperaemia (heads of arrows). Staining with [IE magn. x 250.322. «gX," 9.3.. . . .‘n 1’7“" s r{\’»‘ a}. xa ; Figure 2. Spleen in the rat of the IV group (0.08 ppm so   Seaml..1. [ah Anim. Sci. No, 4. 1995 . Vol. 22   dium scIenitc and 40 mg/kg b.m, fenitrothion),7 days p.i. — magnification of reaction centre (heads of arrows). Staining with HE, magn. x 250.stinet 24 h p.i. It became less distinct in thelater stages, On the 14th day after intoxica-tion only traces were present. In some cases,such changes were accompanied by distincthyperaemia of the mucous and submueousmembrane. The above mentioned disorderswere seen sporadically within the walls ofthe ileum. In some cases hyperaemia of thecardiac muscle was noted up 7 days p.i.In group IV in almost all cases there wassome hyperaemia of the submueous mem-brane in the stomach and duodenum up toseven days p.i. However. the villi of thesmall intestines generally did not show anyvariation from the norm (Figure 1). Exces-sive desquamation ot'epithelium was obser-ved up to 7 days p.i. in some cases. About70% of the rats had an enlarged reactioncenter ofthe spleen up to 7 days p.i. (Figure2). This particular disorder became less pro-nounced as time elapsed.In a few cases rats from group V showedchronic inflammation of the mucous mem-brane of the duodenum (Figure 3) up to 14days p.i. Hyperaemia of the mucous andsubmueous membrane of the stomach, duo-denum and ileum was noticed relativelyoften up to 14 days p.i. There was alsoexcessive desquamation of the epithelialmucous membrane and sometimes a greateonglomeration of cells with eosinophiliegranules in the cytoplasm. Hyperaemia ofthe cardiac muscles was observed in about1/3 of the rats. Germinal centers in spleenwere found increased in diameter up to 3days p.i. Animals from group VI had organswith normal microscopic pattern.[)ixr’uss'ionThe present study has demonstrated thathistological changes due to selenium andfenitrothion also occur in organs other thanliver and kidneys which are the most oftenstudied in cases ofintoxication, Furthermorethe post mortem and microscopic examin-ation of rats intoxicated with selenium and323Seam]. .1 1.11b.Anim.Sci.No.4. 1995 . V01. 22.9?“ Figure 3. Duodenum in the rat of the V group (0.40 ppm sodium selenite and 40 mg/kg b.m. fenitm—thion), 7 days p.i. — duodenitis catarrhalis. Staining with HE, magn. x 250.fenitrothion in the present study suggest avariation in the pattern and severity of chan-ges in rats of difTerent groups. The highestrelative deviation from the norm occurredafter application of a mixture of seleniumand fenitrothion at a dose of 0.4 ppm and 2x 40 mg per kg body mass. respectively.Changes occurred over a very extensive area.When a lower dose of selenium (0.08 ppm)with fenitrothion (2 x 40 mg/body mass) wasapplied, there was a marked decrease in thedisorders of organs tested. In this case, theintensity of changes was lower than in caseswhen selenium (0.4 ppm) and fenitrothionwere used separately. It is important to notethat the changes in the examined organswere difTerent when mixed intoxication wasapplied from changes when only a singletoxieant was used, This was also the case forliver and kidneys, but these differences wereless distinct (Szarek et a1. 1994).324Comparison of the cITeet of the same dose offenitrothion (40 mg/kg i.m.) administeredwith (group IV) or without (group 111) so—dium selenite indicated a protective effect ofsodium selenite at dose level of 0.08 ppmagainst the fenitrothion. However a mixedpoison at a dosage of 0.4 ppm caused an in~creased deviation from the norm. Such adiversity of selenium activity in relation toother compounds has been noted in the lite-rature (Jepson 1993, Khan er al. 1993, Sza-rek & Khan 1993, Szarek et al. 1992).Moreover, our own observation has provedthe importance of having a good knowledgeof the impact of selenium in the environ-ment (Johnston et al. 1994, Kantola & Var-lianen 1991, Koivistomen & Hummer: 1986,Lindberg & Bingerfors 1970, Zasadokai &Busz/co 1988). Such knowledge allows forthe right prediction of the behaviour of or-ganisms when compounds (as for examplefenitrothion) are introduced to the environ-ment by man Utah 199], Kantola & Var—tianen 1991, Lari e1a1.1994, Nakonieczny1993, Walker er a1 1993).SummaryMixed intoxication in rats with sodium selenite(0.40 ppm) and fenitrothion (40 mg/kg bm.) re-sulted in pathomorphological changes in stomach,intestine, spleen and cardiac muscle which weremore intense than in Cases when the mentionedcompounds were administered singly. When alower dose of selenium (0.08 ppm) together withfenitrothion (4O 111g/kg b.m.) was used there was adecrease of disorders in examined organs.Moreover, the changes were even less intense thanwhen selenium (0.40 ppm) or fenitrothion (40mg/kg h.m.) were administered as a single toxi-cant.Thus, it was concluded that selenium at a dose of0.08 ppm protected the rats by limiting the toxicactivity of Ienitrothion.ReferencesBecker D, Z Romtc, H Krsnjavi &. Z Zima.‘ Acontnbution to the world selenium map. Biol.Trace Elem. 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Effect of mixed administration of selenium and fenitrothion on pathomorphological pattern in internal organs in rats

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Effect of mixed administration of selenium and fenitrothion on pathomorphological pattern in internal organs in rats

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