The present thesis, result of the international experience I had during the last 3 years in the context of the International Philosophiæ Doctor programme in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Therapeutics (CardioPaTh), disserts on the known and unknown role of biomarkers in HF.
The thesis is divided in several chapter, each of them dwelling upon specific aspects that have been investigated during the 3 years of my PhD curriculum.
After a generalist paragraph dwelling upon the use of biomarkers in HF, its associated diseases, and the argument around the dilemma of racial differences (chapter 2), the important and emerging role of hormone deficiencies (HD), alone ore combined in the multiple hormone deficiency syndrome (MHDS) is discussed (chapter 3), together with the presentation of the results of the main project of my PhD, the T.O.S.CA. project, an international effort aimed to investigate the role of MHDS in HF. The following chapter (chapter 4) is based on the even strong relationship between the heart and the gut (the so-called Gut Axis), followed by a chapter showing the possible role of novel biomarkers in HF (chapter 5). In conclusion, a last chapter about my other HF research activity (not strictly related to biomarkers) is present
