In recent decades, polymeric nanocomposites have been widely used in chemical, automobile and aero industries due to their low weight and smoothness. Abrasion resistance is a vital property in variable ap-plications of polymeric composites. Here, to investigate the wear resistance of nylon 6 nanocomposite fab-rics, melt spun yarns were filled with different concentrations of Ag/SiO2 nanoparticles and the wear prop-erties of weft knitted nanocomposite and pure samples were evaluated. Results disclosed that the wear re-sistance of composite fabrics containing nano-particles increased considerably in comparison to pure one. Therefore, nanoparticles can play an important role in improving the nanocomposite wear resistance.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3563

Dastjerdi, M.R.M.

Dastjerdi, R.

Fasahat, F.

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE  NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES Vol. 2 No 3, 03NCNN44(3pp) (2013)   2304-1862/2013/2(3)03NCNN44(3) 03NCNN44-1  2013 Sumy State University Abrasion Resistance of Ag/SiO2/PA6 Nanocomposite Fabrics  F. Fasahat1, R. Dastjerdi1,*, M.R.M. Mojtahedi2,†  1 Textile Engineering Department, Yazd University, Yazd, P.O.BOX 89195-741, Iran 2 Textile Engineering Department,  Amirkabir university of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran  (Received 14 June 2013; published online 03 September 2013)  In recent decades, polymeric nanocomposites have been widely used in chemical, automobile and aero industries due to their low weight and smoothness. Abrasion resistance is a vital property in variable ap-plications of polymeric composites. Here, to investigate the wear resistance of nylon 6 nanocomposite fab-rics, melt spun yarns were filled with different concentrations of Ag/SiO2 nanoparticles and the wear prop-erties of weft knitted nanocomposite and pure samples were evaluated. Results disclosed that the wear re-sistance of composite fabrics containing nano-particles increased considerably in comparison to pure one. Therefore, nanoparticles can play an important role in improving the nanocomposite wear resistance.  Keywords: Nanocomposites, Nanoparticle, Nanosilver, Nylon 6, Wear Resistance.    PACS numbers: 81.07. – b, 82.35.Np                                                           * nanobiotex@yahoo.com  † mojtahed@aut.ac.ir  1. NTRODUCTION  Polymeric materials often show improved mechani-cal properties if they possess nano-scale structure. Re-cent studies has been performed on two different re-gions; composites containing of nano-layers and compo-sites filled with nano-particles [1]. Dasari et al. (2005) investigated the role of nano-clay on the wear charac-teristics of nylon 6 nanocomposites processed via dif-ferent routes. It was revealed that the interfacial adhe-sion of clay to matrix, and not the exfoliated morpholo-gy of clay, played a critical role in wear. Exfoliated clay morphology is preferred to aggregate morphology. Ac-cording to their results the superior wear-performance of nylon 6/organoclay nanocomposite is brought about by a combined effect of fine dispersion of clay platelets in nylon 6, high interfacial interaction between nylon 6 and clay layers, and effective constraint on surround-ing nylon 6 material exerted by the clay platelets [1]. In the region of nanocomposites filled with nanoparticles, different researches have been done with variable ma-terials. Sawyer et al. (2003) investigated the wear and friction properties of PTFE filled with different concen-trations of 40nm alumina particles. They have found that the wear resistance of this composite increased monotonically with increasing filler concentration and no optimum filler fraction was found [2]. The tribologi-cal properties of polyamide 66 (PA66) composites, filled with TiO2 nanoparticles, short carbon fibers, and graphite flakes were investigated by Chang et al. (2005). Sliding tests were performed on a pin-on-disk apparatus under different contact pressures (p), and sliding velocities (v). It was found that nano-TiO2 could effectively reduce the frictional coefficient and wear rate, especially under higher pv conditions [3]. Nano-composites especially filled with nanoparticles have shown improvement in mechanical properties and wear resistance [3]. Silver nanoparticles have indicated vari-able advantages such as high antimicrobial potential for modification of polymeric matrices [4]. However, there has not been any research on wear properties of high speed spun multifilament nanocomposite yarns of nylon 6 filled with nanoparticles. This study report the first investigated results of wear properties of nano-composite fabrics produced from high speed spun mul-tifilament nanocomposite yarns of nylon 6 and Ag/SiO2.  2. E EXPERIMENTL  2.1 Materials  Nylon 6 chips supplied by Aliaf Company, Iran were used to produce masterbatch and fibers.  Ag/SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2 nanoparticle covered by Ag nanoparticles) produced by Nano group Co., USA were used to produce masterbatch.   2.2 Methods   Masterbatch concentrated by 10 wt% Ag/SiO2 nano-particles were prepared from mixing of nylon6 chips and nanoparticles by a twin extruder (Brabender, Germany).  PA6 chips and the produced masterbatch were dried for 24 h. in vacuum condition at 85 C. Pure PA6 fibers and the nanocomposite fibers containing 0.20, 0.40, and 0.60 wt% of Ag nanoparticles were prepared, from mixing of virgin PA6 granule and concentrated masterbatch, dur-ing melt spinning by an Automatik pilot plant spinning machine (Germany), with the take up speed of 4000 m/min. The produced yarns were drawn by a Zinser D5203 machine (Germany) at temperature of 170 C and draw ratio of 1.2 [5]. A four-ply yarn, made of four bob-bins of each drawn yarn samples, was used to produce weft knitted fabric of each sample.  2.3 Characterizations   Abrasion properties of prepared pure and nanocom-posite fabrics were evaluated according to ASTM (D 4966) standard test method using the Martindale ma-chine (Shirley development LTD model).  F. FASAHAT, R. DASTJERDI, M.R.M. MOJTAHEDI PROC. NAP 2, 03NCNN44 (2013)   03NCNN44-2 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS   The mass changing of pure and nanocomposite fab-rics according to abrasion cycles has been plotted in figure 1. Diagrams changing supposed to be approxi-mately linear and slope varying of each diagram has been shown in figure 2. Slope variations and abrasion cycles to reach tear point of different samples has been reported in Table 1. As shown in figure 1 and 2, abra-sion resistance of nanocomposite samples compared to pure one has been significantly improved. This im-provement in samples containing 0.02 of Ag nanoparti-cles was 216.9 %. In addition, the slope variations of different sample diagrams indicated the decline of abrasion speed which caused abrasion properties im-provement in nanocomposite samples as compared to pure one. In fact abrasion speed of pure sample is 10 times more than sample with 0.02wt% of Ag nanoparti-cles. According to the result of our previous research [5], this sample has the highest modulus in comparison to other ones. Investigation of tensile properties in drawn yarn of this sample has also shown that its elongation and flexibility is good and has not been sig-nificantly changed.  0.170.1790.1880.1970.2060.2150.2240.2330.2420.2510.260.2690.2780 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000Weight (g)Abrasion cyclesPure=0.400E-05x+0.2154Ag 0.01:y=-0.203E-05x+0.258Ag 0.02:y=-0.035E-05x+0.262Ag 0.03:y=-0.141E-05x+0.256 Fig. 1 – The weight of pure and nanocomposite fabrics versus abrasion cycles  In fact, modulus and rigidity increasing caused by improvement the connection between filler and metal surface can result in increasing wear resistance of nanocomposites. In this research, wear resistance variations were corresponded to drawn yarn modules which was used in knitted nanocomposite fabrics. Increasing of crystallinity, dependent on sample flexibility, can be positive or negative and meet an optimum point. While the sample flexibility is suitable to compensate the fabric tension during abrasion, increasing the crystallinity would be positive and prevent fabric folding under wear test.  Consequently, results showed that sample contain-ing 0.02 wt% of nanoparticle improved significantly the wear resistance (216.9% as compared to pure sample). On the whole, the effect of nanostructure materials on increasing nanocomposite wear resistance is proved by improving fabric mechanical and/or chemical prop-erties [6].  Table 1 – Wear properties of different samples  Samples Weight reduction speed (g/cycle) Tear point (cycles) Tear point variations as compared to pure sample (%) Pure 0.413×10-5 9500 0.0 Ag 0.01 0.203×10-5 8000 -15.8 Ag 0.02 0.035×10-5 30101 216.9 Ag 0.03 0.141×10-5 13102 37.9  00.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.40.45Pure Ag 0.01 Ag 0.02 Ag 0.03Slope ×10-5Samples Fig. 2 – The slope variation of different sample diagrams  Another factor influencing wear resistance of nano-composite fabrics can be heat conduction increasing due to high heat conduction of metal nanoparticles as compared to polymeric matrix. In fact, the friction between abradant and fabric surface produces considerable heat during abrasion. Silver nanoparticles have high heat conduction in comparison with polymer matrix. Therefore, the nanoparticles can compensate the heat producing and delay fabric destruction. However, increasing nanoparticle ratio can cause some agglomeration, decreasing the rate of heat conduction due to the reduction of special surface of  nanoparticles. In this study, the wear resistance properties of Ag/SiO2/PA6 nanocomposite fabrics has been evaluated. To this end, multifilament nanocomposite yarns containing 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 wt% Ag nanoparticles were prepared from mixing of nylon6 chips and masterbatch during melt spinning. Spun yarns were drawn and finally weft knitted. The prepared fabrics were abraded until reaching the tear point and wear resistance of all samples were reported. Results indicated that sample with 0.02 wt% of Ag nanoparticles has the best improvement of wear resistance in comparison with pure sample (about 217%). This can be provided by high heat conduction of nanosilver particles as compared to polymer matrix, increasing of modulus  ABRASION RESISTANCE OF AG/SIO2/PA6 … PROC. NAP 2, 03NCNN44 (2013)   03NCNN44-3 and increasing of nanocomposite crystallinity preventing fabric folding during abrasion test. Therefore, PA6 nanocomposite fabrics containing Ag/SiO2 nanoparticles can offer high wear resistance for variable applications.  4. CONCLUSIONS  In this study, the wear resistance properties of Ag/SiO2/PA6 nanocomposite fabrics has been evaluat-ed. To this end, multifilament nanocomposite yarns containing 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 wt% Ag nanoparticles were prepared from mixing of nylon6 chips and masterbatch during melt spinning. Spun yarns were drawn and fi-nally weft knitted. The prepared fabrics were abraded until reaching the tear point and wear resistance of all samples were reported. Results indicated that sample with 0.02 wt% of Ag nanoparticles has the best im-provement of wear resistance in comparison with pure sample (about 217%). This can be provided by high heat conduction of nanosilver particles as compared to polymer matrix, increasing of modulus and increasing of nanocomposite crystallinity preventing fabric folding during abrasion test. Therefore, PA6 nanocomposite fabrics containing Ag/SiO2 nanoparticles can offer high wear resistance for variable applications.    REFERENCES  1. A. Dasari, Z. Yu, W. Mai Y, H. Hu, G.J. Varlet, Compos. Sci. Technol. 65 2314 (2005).  2. W.J. Sawyer, K.D. Feudenberg, P. Bhimaraj, L.S. Schadler, Wear 254, 573 (2003).  3. L. Chang, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang and A.K. Schlarb, Compos. Sci. Technol. 66, 3188 (2005). 4. R. Dastjerdi, M. Montazer, S. Shahsavan, Colloids Surf., A 345, 202 (2009). 5. S. Ghaffari, M.R.M. Mojtahedi, R. Dastjerdi, Producing and Properties of Ag/SiO2/PA6 Continuous Multifilament Nanocomposite Yarns (ICNFA 2012, Montreal). 6. R. Dastjerdi, M.R.M. Mojtahedi, Fibers Polym. 14, 298, (2013).  

Abrasion Resistance of Ag/SiO2/PA6 Nanocomposite Fabrics

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE  
NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 
Vol. 2 No 3, 03NCNN44(3pp) (2013) 
 
 
2304-1862/2013/2(3)03NCNN44(3) 03NCNN44-1  2013 Sumy State University 
Abrasion Resistance of Ag/SiO2/PA6 Nanocomposite Fabrics 
 
F. Fasahat1, R. Dastjerdi1,*, M.R.M. Mojtahedi2,† 
 
1 Textile Engineering Department, Yazd University, Yazd, P.O.BOX 89195-741, Iran 
2 Textile Engineering Department,  Amirkabir university of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran 
 
(Received 14 June 2013; published online 03 September 2013) 
 
In recent decades, polymeric nanocomposites have been widely used in chemical, automobile and aero 
industries due to their low weight and smoothness. Abrasion resistance is a vital property in variable ap-
plications of polymeric composites. Here, to investigate the wear resistance of nylon 6 nanocomposite fab-
rics, melt spun yarns were filled with different concentrations of Ag/SiO2 nanoparticles and the wear prop-
erties of weft knitted nanocomposite and pure samples were evaluated. Results disclosed that the wear re-
sistance of composite fabrics containing nano-particles increased considerably in comparison to pure one. 
Therefore, nanoparticles can play an important role in improving the nanocomposite wear resistance. 
 
Keywords: Nanocomposites, Nanoparticle, Nanosilver, Nylon 6, Wear Resistance. 
 
  PACS numbers: 81.07. – b, 82.35.Np 
 
 
                                                        
* nanobiotex@yahoo.com  
† mojtahed@aut.ac.ir  
1. NTRODUCTION 
 
Polymeric materials often show improved mechani-
cal properties if they possess nano-scale structure. Re-
cent studies has been performed on two different re-
gions; composites containing of nano-layers and compo-
sites filled with nano-particles [1]. Dasari et al. (2005) 
investigated the role of nano-clay on the wear charac-
teristics of nylon 6 nanocomposites processed via dif-
ferent routes. It was revealed that the interfacial adhe-
sion of clay to matrix, and not the exfoliated morpholo-
gy of clay, played a critical role in wear. Exfoliated clay 
morphology is preferred to aggregate morphology. Ac-
cording to their results the superior wear-performance 
of nylon 6/organoclay nanocomposite is brought about 
by a combined effect of fine dispersion of clay platelets 
in nylon 6, high interfacial interaction between nylon 6 
and clay layers, and effective constraint on surround-
ing nylon 6 material exerted by the clay platelets [1]. In 
the region of nanocomposites filled with nanoparticles, 
different researches have been done with variable ma-
terials. Sawyer et al. (2003) investigated the wear and 
friction properties of PTFE filled with different concen-
trations of 40nm alumina particles. They have found 
that the wear resistance of this composite increased 
monotonically with increasing filler concentration and 
no optimum filler fraction was found [2]. The tribologi-
cal properties of polyamide 66 (PA66) composites, filled 
with TiO2 nanoparticles, short carbon fibers, and 
graphite flakes were investigated by Chang et al. 
(2005). Sliding tests were performed on a pin-on-disk 
apparatus under different contact pressures (p), and 
sliding velocities (v). It was found that nano-TiO2 could 
effectively reduce the frictional coefficient and wear 
rate, especially under higher pv conditions [3]. Nano-
composites especially filled with nanoparticles have 
shown improvement in mechanical properties and wear 
resistance [3]. Silver nanoparticles have indicated vari-
able advantages such as high antimicrobial potential 
for modification of polymeric matrices [4]. However, 
there has not been any research on wear properties of 
high speed spun multifilament nanocomposite yarns of 
nylon 6 filled with nanoparticles. This study report the 
first investigated results of wear properties of nano-
composite fabrics produced from high speed spun mul-
tifilament nanocomposite yarns of nylon 6 and Ag/SiO2. 
 
2. E EXPERIMENTL 
 
2.1 Materials 
 
Nylon 6 chips supplied by Aliaf Company, Iran were 
used to produce masterbatch and fibers.  
Ag/SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2 nanoparticle covered by 
Ag nanoparticles) produced by Nano group Co., USA 
were used to produce masterbatch.  
 
2.2 Methods  
 
Masterbatch concentrated by 10 wt% Ag/SiO2 nano-
particles were prepared from mixing of nylon6 chips and 
nanoparticles by a twin extruder (Brabender, Germany).  
PA6 chips and the produced masterbatch were dried for 
24 h. in vacuum condition at 85 C. Pure PA6 fibers and 
the nanocomposite fibers containing 0.20, 0.40, and 0.60 
wt% of Ag nanoparticles were prepared, from mixing of 
virgin PA6 granule and concentrated masterbatch, dur-
ing melt spinning by an Automatik pilot plant spinning 
machine (Germany), with the take up speed of 4000 
m/min. The produced yarns were drawn by a Zinser 
D5203 machine (Germany) at temperature of 170 C and 
draw ratio of 1.2 [5]. A four-ply yarn, made of four bob-
bins of each drawn yarn samples, was used to produce 
weft knitted fabric of each sample. 
 
2.3 Characterizations  
 
Abrasion properties of prepared pure and nanocom-
posite fabrics were evaluated according to ASTM (D 
4966) standard test method using the Martindale ma-
chine (Shirley development LTD model). 
 F. FASAHAT, R. DASTJERDI, M.R.M. MOJTAHEDI PROC. NAP 2, 03NCNN44 (2013) 
 
 
03NCNN44-2 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS  
 
The mass changing of pure and nanocomposite fab-
rics according to abrasion cycles has been plotted in 
figure 1. Diagrams changing supposed to be approxi-
mately linear and slope varying of each diagram has 
been shown in figure 2. Slope variations and abrasion 
cycles to reach tear point of different samples has been 
reported in Table 1. As shown in figure 1 and 2, abra-
sion resistance of nanocomposite samples compared to 
pure one has been significantly improved. This im-
provement in samples containing 0.02 of Ag nanoparti-
cles was 216.9 %. In addition, the slope variations of 
different sample diagrams indicated the decline of 
abrasion speed which caused abrasion properties im-
provement in nanocomposite samples as compared to 
pure one. In fact abrasion speed of pure sample is 10 
times more than sample with 0.02wt% of Ag nanoparti-
cles. According to the result of our previous research 
[5], this sample has the highest modulus in comparison 
to other ones. Investigation of tensile properties in 
drawn yarn of this sample has also shown that its 
elongation and flexibility is good and has not been sig-
nificantly changed. 
 
0.17
0.179
0.188
0.197
0.206
0.215
0.224
0.233
0.242
0.251
0.26
0.269
0.278
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
W
e
ig
h
t 
(g
)
Abrasion cycles
Pure=0.400E-05x+0.2154
Ag 0.01:y=-0.203E-05x+0.258
Ag 0.02:y=-0.035E-05x+0.262
Ag 0.03:y=-0.141E-05x+0.256
 
Fig. 1 – The weight of pure and nanocomposite fabrics versus 
abrasion cycles 
 
In fact, modulus and rigidity increasing caused by 
improvement the connection between filler and metal 
surface can result in increasing wear resistance of 
nanocomposites. In this research, wear resistance 
variations were corresponded to drawn yarn modules 
which was used in knitted nanocomposite fabrics. 
Increasing of crystallinity, dependent on sample 
flexibility, can be positive or negative and meet an 
optimum point. While the sample flexibility is suitable 
to compensate the fabric tension during abrasion, 
increasing the crystallinity would be positive and 
prevent fabric folding under wear test.  
Consequently, results showed that sample contain-
ing 0.02 wt% of nanoparticle improved significantly the 
wear resistance (216.9% as compared to pure sample). 
On the whole, the effect of nanostructure materials 
on increasing nanocomposite wear resistance is proved 
by improving fabric mechanical and/or chemical prop-
erties [6]. 
 
Table 1 – Wear properties of different samples 
 
Samples 
Weight 
reduction 
speed 
(g/cycle) 
Tear 
point 
(cycles) 
Tear point 
variations as 
compared to pure 
sample (%) 
Pure 0.413×10-5 9500 0.0 
Ag 0.01 0.203×10-5 8000 -15.8 
Ag 0.02 0.035×10-5 30101 216.9 
Ag 0.03 0.141×10-5 13102 37.9 
 
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Pure Ag 0.01 Ag 0.02 Ag 0.03
Sl
o
p
e
 ×
1
0
-5
Samples
 
Fig. 2 – The slope variation of different sample diagrams 
 
Another factor influencing wear resistance of nano-
composite fabrics can be heat conduction increasing 
due to high heat conduction of metal nanoparticles as 
compared to polymeric matrix. 
In fact, the friction between abradant and fabric 
surface produces considerable heat during abrasion. 
Silver nanoparticles have high heat conduction in 
comparison with polymer matrix. Therefore, the 
nanoparticles can compensate the heat producing and 
delay fabric destruction. However, increasing 
nanoparticle ratio can cause some agglomeration, 
decreasing the rate of heat conduction due to the 
reduction of special surface of  nanoparticles. In this 
study, the wear resistance properties of Ag/SiO2/PA6 
nanocomposite fabrics has been evaluated. To this end, 
multifilament nanocomposite yarns containing 0.01, 
0.02, 0.03 wt% Ag nanoparticles were prepared from 
mixing of nylon6 chips and masterbatch during melt 
spinning. Spun yarns were drawn and finally weft 
knitted. The prepared fabrics were abraded until 
reaching the tear point and wear resistance of all 
samples were reported. Results indicated that sample 
with 0.02 wt% of Ag nanoparticles has the best 
improvement of wear resistance in comparison with 
pure sample (about 217%). This can be provided by 
high heat conduction of nanosilver particles as 
compared to polymer matrix, increasing of modulus 
 ABRASION RESISTANCE OF AG/SIO2/PA6 … PROC. NAP 2, 03NCNN44 (2013) 
 
 
03NCNN44-3 
and increasing of nanocomposite crystallinity 
preventing fabric folding during abrasion test. 
Therefore, PA6 nanocomposite fabrics containing 
Ag/SiO2 nanoparticles can offer high wear resistance 
for variable applications. 
 
4. CONCLUSIONS 
 
In this study, the wear resistance properties of 
Ag/SiO2/PA6 nanocomposite fabrics has been evaluat-
ed. To this end, multifilament nanocomposite yarns 
containing 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 wt% Ag nanoparticles were 
prepared from mixing of nylon6 chips and masterbatch 
during melt spinning. Spun yarns were drawn and fi-
nally weft knitted. The prepared fabrics were abraded 
until reaching the tear point and wear resistance of all 
samples were reported. Results indicated that sample 
with 0.02 wt% of Ag nanoparticles has the best im-
provement of wear resistance in comparison with pure 
sample (about 217%). This can be provided by high 
heat conduction of nanosilver particles as compared to 
polymer matrix, increasing of modulus and increasing 
of nanocomposite crystallinity preventing fabric folding 
during abrasion test. Therefore, PA6 nanocomposite 
fabrics containing Ag/SiO2 nanoparticles can offer high 
wear resistance for variable applications.  
 
 
REFERENCES 
 
1. A. Dasari, Z. Yu, W. Mai Y, H. Hu, G.J. Varlet, Compos. 
Sci. Technol. 65 2314 (2005).  
2. W.J. Sawyer, K.D. Feudenberg, P. Bhimaraj, 
L.S. Schadler, Wear 254, 573 (2003).  
3. L. Chang, Z. Zhang, H. Zhang and A.K. Schlarb, Compos. 
Sci. Technol. 66, 3188 (2005). 
4. R. Dastjerdi, M. Montazer, S. Shahsavan, Colloids Surf., A 
345, 202 (2009). 
5. S. Ghaffari, M.R.M. Mojtahedi, R. Dastjerdi, Producing 
and Properties of Ag/SiO2/PA6 Continuous Multifilament 
Nanocomposite Yarns (ICNFA 2012, Montreal). 
6. R. Dastjerdi, M.R.M. Mojtahedi, Fibers Polym. 14, 298, 
(2013). 
 


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Abrasion Resistance of Ag/SiO2/PA6 Nanocomposite Fabrics

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