Summary
Phlyctainophora squali sp. nov. is described from 23 female specimens recovered from the subcutaneous tissue of one of 440 Squalis acanthias caught off Los Angeles, California. This finding represents a new host and distribution for this genus. Phlyctainophora is placed in the family Philometridae on the basis of atrophication of vulva and anus, simple mouth, viviparity and location in tissue of fishes. The family diagnosis for Philometridae is amended to include Phlyctainophora which lacks an anterior ovary

Dailey, Murray D.

Mudry, Dwight R.

English

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln H. W. Manter Laboratory Library Materials Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 7-1969 Phlyctainophora squali sp. nov. (Nematoda, Philometridae) from the Spiny Dogfish, Squalis acanthias Dwight R. Mudry California State College, Long Beach Murray D. Dailey California State College, Long Beach Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/manterlibrary  Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Biodiversity Commons, and the Parasitology Commons Mudry, Dwight R. and Dailey, Murray D., "Phlyctainophora squali sp. nov. (Nematoda, Philometridae) from the Spiny Dogfish, Squalis acanthias" (1969). H. W. Manter Laboratory Library Materials. 109. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/manterlibrary/109 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in H. W. Manter Laboratory Library Materials by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 280 • PROCEEDINGS OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY Phlyctainophora squali sp. nov. (Nematoda, Philometridae) from the Spiny Dogfish, Squalis acanthias1 DwrcHT R. MuDRY AND MuRRAY D. DAILEY Department of Biology, California State College, Long Beach, California In 1921, G. Steiner described Phlyctaino-plwra lamnae from a single female worm found in the subcutaneous tissue above the hyoman-dibular arch in the mackerel shark Lamna:: nasus (= cornubica) (Bonnaterre). Larva thought to be P. lamnae have been described by Johnston and Mawson ( 1943) and de Ruyck and Chabaud ( 1960), but no additional adult specimens have been reported since 1921. During parasitological studies off Los An-geles, California, a spiny dogfish ( Squali8 acanthias L.) was caught at a depth of 200 meters. Grouped around its dorsal fins, caudal peduncle, and mandibular arches were raised areas about 5 mm high, which when excised were found to contain worms similar to that described by Steiner; a total of 23, all female, were taken. Subsequent external examination of 440 S. acanthias failed to reveal any addi-tional specimens. Adults of these unusual nematodes are easily distinguished by huge vesicular enlargements 1 This study was supported in part by the Long Beac:h California State College Foundation under grant NSF IC 212.73. on the ventral surface of the bodv. In older worms the vesicles totally obscure· the worm's basic shape and are unlike any structure found in other nematodes. Steiner did not give a location of capture for his host, Lamna 1wsus, but this species is nor-mally confined to the North Atlantic Ocean ( Bigelow and Schroeder, 1948). As a result of having only a single specimen, Steiner was able to give a limited description of these interesting forms. This report not only records a new species but also offers additional infor-mation on the genus Phlyctainophora with sug-gestions for its taxonomic position. Materials and Methods All worms were fixed in AF A and later placed in 70% ethyl alcohol. Several were embedded, sectioned, and later stained with Mayer's hematoxylin and eosin Y. The remain-der were cleared in glycerin and mounted in glycerin jelly. All drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube. Measurements are given in microns unless otherwise stated. --- --------- - - - --------------------------➔ Figures 1-3. Phlyctainophora squali. 1. Mature female. 2. En face view. 3. Sagittal section of ante-rior 1·egion. Abbreviations: cp, cephalic protrusion; i, intestine; o, ovary; u, uterus. OF WASHINGTON, VOLUME 3G, NUMBER 2, JULY 1969 1 [0.5mm 2 [ 0.01 mm [0.05mm 3 281 282 , PROCEEDINGS OF 'THE HELMIN'THOLOGICAL SOCIETY Description Phylctainophora squali sp. nov. (Figs. 1-7) DIAGNOSIS (based on 23 specimens: 2 im-mature and 21 mature females). Body of mature females tightly coiled dorsally into crescent shapes. Body length 2.3-14.0 mm by 1-3 mm in diameter. Ventral surface with large outpocketings, variable in size and number, without pattern or symmetry. Body rigid, musculature reduced, very stout, narrow-ing at mouth; posterior end rounded. Cuticle with small parallel annules. Mouth simple, without well defined lips. Eight cephalic papillae in outer circle, four in inner circle. Amphids present. Nerve ring at or near ante-rior fourth of esophagus. Esophagus 500-600 long by 50 wide, narrowing slightly before joining intestine, surrounded by cells contain-ing large nuclei. Oesophageo-intestinal valve projecting into intestine. Intestine expands immediately behind esophagus filling midbody and tapering toward posterior extremity where it terminates. Anus atrophied. Ovary single, originating posterior to midbody, anteriorly directed, looping posteriorly, emptying into uterus at posterior extremity (Fig. 1). Uterus large, filling all available body space and ter-minating blindly in esophageal region; capable of undulating motion. Eggs and larva present in all stages of devel-opment. Larva 200-250 long by 14 wide. Anterior with toothlike projection; two large preanal phasmids present; anus 165 from ante-rior end, tail sharply pointed. HosT: Squalis acanthuis L. LOCATION: Subcutaneous tissue. LOCALITY: Eastern Pacific Ocean off Los Angeles, California. Depth 200 meters. SPECIMENS: Holotype and two paratypes in USNM Helm. Coll. No. 63044. Remarks Phlyctainophora squali differs from P. lam-nae in the following characteristics: Adults and intrauterine larvae of P. squali are smaller than those of P. lamnae measuring 2-14 mm versus 17 mm and 200-250 versus 330-350 respec-tively. They also differ in host and geographi-cal distribution. Discussion The systematic position of Phlyctainophora is somewhat unsettled. Yorke and Maplestone (1926) and Yamaguti (1961) considered it a genus incertae sedis, while Johnston and Maw-son ( 1943) suggested its placement in Philo-metridae. De Ruyck and Chabaud (1960) disagreed with the latter placement and con-sidered the genus more closely related to M11spicea Sambon, 1925, and Robertdollf11sa Chabaud and Campano, 1960, on the basis of larval characteristics. Our adult specimens demonstrate that Phlyctainophora is more closely related to Philometridae in that it possesses a digestive system ( not found in Robertdollfusidae) and lacks the bilobed tail structure found in Muspicea. The atrophica-tion of vulva and anus, presence of a simple mouth, viviparity, and location of worms in connective tissue of fishes, combine to indicate that Phlyctainophora belongs in the Philomct-ridae. The absence of an anterior ovary is here recognized as a modification of the more primitive didelphic condition. In this respect Phlyctainophom appears to be closely related to lchthyofilaria Yamaguti, 1935, which has its anterior ovary reduced. The diagnosis of Philo-metridae Baylis and Daubney, 1926, is amended accordingly to read "Ovaries relatively short. situated at opposite ends of body or anterior ovary rudimentary or absent." Rasheed ( 1963) has discussed characteris-tics of systematic importance in the family Philometridae and lists them as follows: 1. Size and shape of body. 2. The cuticle and its modifications. 3. Cephalic papillae. 4. The esophagus. 5. The tail. Regarding body shape and size she concluded that the "general shape of the body does not vary enough to give it any taxonomic importance." While this is trne for ---~-------------------------------➔ Figures 4-7. Phlyctainophorn .,quali. 4. Young female showing cuticular vesicles beginning to form (scale: 0.5 mm). 5. Older female with many pronounced cuticular vesicles (scale: 0.5 mm). 6. Cross section of cuticular annules (scale: 0.02 111111). 7. Optical section of dorsal surface of young female showing cuticular annules (scale: 0.02 mm). OF WASI-IINGTON, VOLUME :36, NUMBER 2, JULY 1969 • 283 [ 284 • PROCEEDINGS OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY the majority of Philometridae, adult Phlyctain-ophora are easily recognizable by their coiled shape and vesicular enlargements ( Figs. 1, 4 and 5). The vesicles involve not only the cuticle, but also the hypodermis and muscular layers of the body wall. A wide range in size of adult Phlyctainopho-ra indicates they follow the general philometrid growth pattern cited by Rasheed as continuing long after fertilization. The cuticle and its modifications have been categorized by Rasheed into the following: smooth, bosses, rods and eones. In P. squali the corticle layer of the cuticle possesses an-nules running perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (Fig. 6, 7). The small cephalic papillae (Fig. 2) of P. sq11ali appear most similar to those found on Philometra ( Philometra) lateolabracis Yama-guti, 1935. The esophagus ( Fig. 3) is typically philo-metrid with a slightly enlarged anterior and cylindrical posterior portion of uniform diam-eter. Several observations made hy Steiner ( 1921) on P. lamnae may now be reviewed in the light of the large number of specimens recovered in this study. Steiner indicated the mouth of P. lamnae to be located in a slight depression and the presence of a terminal anus. In P. squali the mouth is located on a small cephalie protrusion ( Fig. 1) and the anus is completely atrophied. Steiner noted that cuticular vesicles appeared paired with a single vesicle located at the ante-rior encl. Phlyctainophora squali shows no pair-ing or pattern of vesicles. Generally, more vesicles oeeur in older, larger worms, although one large specimen was almost devoid of them. De Ruyck and Chabaud ( 1960) suggest the mode of transmission for Phlyctainophora to be eannibalism, the larva being passively trans-mitted from one shark to another. 'While this may be possible, the present writers observed openings to the outside in vesicles containing worms. This indicates that larvae may escape and Phlyctainophora would more likely require a copepod or similar small crustacean as a first intermediate host, as shown by previous work on the life cycles of Philornetridae (Platzer and Adams, 1967). Summary Phlyctainophora squali sp. nov. is describl'd from 23 female specimens recovered from the subcutaneous tissue of one of 440 Sq11alis acanthias caught off Los Angeles, California. This finding represents a new host and distri-bution for this genus. Phlyctainophora is placed in the family Philometridae on the basis of atrophication of vulva and anus, simple mouth, viviparity and location in tissue of fishes. The family diagnosis for Philometridae is amended to include Phlyctainophora which lacks an an-terior ovary. Literature Cited Bigelow, H., and C. Schroeder. 1948. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Pt. 1. 576 pp., New Haven, Conn. Baylis, H. A., and R. A. Daubney. 1926. A synopsis of the families and genera of Nema-toda. 277 pp. London. Johnston, T. H., and P. M. Mawson. 1943. Some nematodes from Australian Elas1110-hranchs. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., 67 ( 2): 187-190. Platzer, E. G., and J. R. Adams. 1967. The life history of a dracunculoid Philonema 011-corhynchi, in Oncorhynchus nerka. Can. J. Zoo!. 45( 1): .31-43. Rasheed, S. 1963. A revision of the genus Philometra Costa, 184,5. J. Helm. 37, 89-137. Ruyck, R. de, and A. G. Chabaud. 1960. Un cas de parasitisme attibuables a cles larves de Phlyctainophora lamnae Steiner chez un selacien et cycle evolutif probable de ce nematode. Vie et Milieu. 11 ( 3): :386-,389. Steiner, G. 1921. Phlyctainophora lamnae n. g., n. sp., eine parasitische Nematodenfonn aus Lamna corn11hica (Heringshae). Cenh·albl. f. Bakt. Parasit., Orig., 86, pp. 591-59.5. Yamaguti, S. 1935. Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Pt. 9. Nematodes of Fishes. Jap. J. Zool. 6(2): .337-.386. 1961. Systema Helminthum. Vol. III. The nematodes of vertebrates. 1261 pp. New York. Yorke, W., and P. A. Maplestone. 1926. The nematode parasites of vertebrates. 536 pp. New York. 

\u3ci\u3ePhlyctainophora squali\u3c/i\u3e sp. nov. (Nematoda, Philometridae) from the Spiny Dogfish, \u3ci\u3eSqualis acanthias\u3c/i\u3e

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\u3ci\u3ePhlyctainophora squali\u3c/i\u3e sp. nov. (Nematoda, Philometridae) from the Spiny Dogfish, \u3ci\u3eSqualis acanthias\u3c/i\u3e

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