Detecting a disk bending wave in a barred-spiral galaxy at redshift 4.4

Abstract

The recent discovery of barred spiral galaxies in the early universe ($z>2$) poses questions of how these structures form and how they influence galaxy properties in the early universe. In this study, we investigate the morphology and kinematics of the far infrared (FIR) continuum and [CII] emission in BRI1335-0417 at $z\approx 4.4$ from ALMA observations. The variations in position angle and ellipticity of the isophotes show the characteristic signature of a barred galaxy. The bar, $3.3^{+0.2}_{-0.2}$ kpc long in radius and bridging the previously identified two-armed spiral, is evident in both [CII] and FIR images, driving the galaxy's rapid evolution by channelling gas towards the nucleus. Fourier analysis of the [CII] velocity field reveals an unambiguous $m=2$ mode with a line-of-sight velocity amplitude of up to $\sim30-40$ km s$^{-1}$; the plausible explanation is the disk's vertical bending mode triggered by external perturbation, which presumably induced the high star formation rate and the bar/spiral structure. The bar identified in [CII] and FIR images of the gas-rich disk galaxy ($\gtrsim 70$\% of the total mass within radius $R\approx 2.2$ disk scale lengths) suggests a new perspective of early bar formation -- a gravitationally unstable gas-rich disk creating a star-forming gaseous bar, rather than a stellar bar emerging from a pre-existing stellar disk.Comment: Submitted to MNRAS. We welcome comments