Let n be any positive integer, a(n) denotes the product of all non-zero
digits in base 10

ZHANG, WENPENG

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A NEW SEQUENCE RELATED SMARANDACHE SEQUENCES AND ITS MEAN VALUE FORMULA* ZHANG VVENPENG Research Center for Basic Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R.China ABSTRACT. Let n be any positive integer, a(n) denotes the product of all non-zero digits in base 10. For natural ;c ~ 2 and arbitrary fixed exponent m E lV, let Am(;c) = L amen). The main purpose of this paper is to give two exact calculating n<= formulas for Al(:C) and A2(:C)' l. INTRODUCTION For any positive integer n, let b( n) denotes the product of base 10 digits of n. For example, b(l) = 1, b(2)=2,··., b(10) = 0, bell) = 1, ..... In problem 22 of book [1], Professor F .Smaradache ask us to study the properties of sequence {ben)}. About this problem, it appears that no one had studied it yet, at least, we have not seen such a paper before. The problem is interesting because it can help us to find some new distribution properties of the base 10 digits. In this paper, we consider another sequence {a( n)}, which related to Smarandache sequences. Let a( 11,) denotes the product of all non-zero digits in base 10 of n. For example, a(l) = 1, a(2) = 2, a(12) = 2, "', a(28) = 16, a(1023) = 6,······. For natural number x 2: 2 and arbitrary fixed e)...-ponent mEN, let Am(x) = L amen). (1) n<x The main purpose of this paper is to study the calculating problem of Am(x), and use elementary methods to deduce two exact calculating formulas for Al ( x) and A2(X). That is, we shall prove the following: Theorem. For any positive integer x, let x = a1 10k1 + a210k2 + ... + as 10k , with kl > k2 > ... > ks 2: 0 and 1 :5 ai :5 9, i = 2,3,··· ,s. Then we have the calculating formulas A ( ) = al a2 ···as ~ aT -ai +2 (45+ [_1_]) .46k;-I. 1 T 2 ~ 3 k i + 1 ' ,=1 II aj . i=i Key words and phrases. F.Smarandache sequence; The base 10 digits; Calculating formula. * This work is support.ed by the N.S.F. and the P.S.F. of P.R. China. 179 A?(x)"= aia~ ... a; ~ 2a~ - 3a; + ai + 6 (285 [_1_]). 286ki - 1 - 6?-' s + ki + 1 ' :=1 II a; j=i where [xl denotes the greatest integer not exceeding x. For general integer m ~ 3, using our methods we can also give an exact calcu-lating formula for Am(x). That is, we have the calculating formula A ( . m m m ~ 1 + Bm ( ai) ([ 1] (») ( k"-1 m x) = a 1 a2 •. , as s -k' + Bm 10 . 1 + B m(10)' , i=1 II m Z + 1 a" J j=i where aj as the definition as in the above Theorem, and Bm (N) = L n m . 1~n<N 2. PROOF OF THE THEOREM In this section, we complete the proof of the Theorem. First we need following two simple Lemmas. Lemma 1. For any integer k ~ 1 and 1 S c S 9, we have the identities a) A1(10k) = 45· 46k- 1; b) A 1(c·l0k)=45. (1+ (C~l)C) . 46k- 1. Proof. We first prove a) of Lemma 1 by induction. For k = 1, we have A 1(101) = AdlO) = 1 + 2 + ... + 9 = 45. So that the identity Al(10k) = L a(n) = 45· 46k - 1 (2) n<10l: holds for k = 1. Assume (2) is true for k = m ~ 1. Then by the inductive assumption we have a(n) =A1 (9·lO m )+ 2: a(n+9·lOm ) O~n<lom =A l (9·lOm )+9· 2: a(n) = A l (9 . 10m ) + 9· Al{lOm) = Al(8 . 10m ) + 9· A1(lOm) + 8· Al(10m) = ........ . = (1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9)· A 1 (10m ) = 46 ... 4 1 (lOm) = 45. 46m • 180 That is, (2) is true for ,,~ = m + 1. This proves the first part of Lemma 1. The second part b) follows from a) of Lemma 1 and the recurrence formula .11(c-l0 k) = 2: a(n) + 2: a(n) n«c-1)-10k (c-1) -10" :5n<c.10 k - 2: a(n) + 2: a(n+(c-l).10k) n«c-1)·lOk 0:5 n <10 k - ~ a(n) + (c -1)- ~ a(n) n«c-l)·10k n<10 k = .11«c-l) -10k) + (c -1)· .11(10k)_ This completes the proof of Lemma 1. Lemma 2. For any integer k ~ 1 and 1 :5 c :5 9, we have the identities c) .1z(10k) = 285 - 286k-\ d) .12(a - 10k) = 285 _ [1 + (a - 1)ai2a - .1)] _ 286k- 1. Proof. Note that .12(10) = 285. The Lemma 2 can be deduced by Lemma 1, induction and the recurrence formula = ~ a2 (n) + ~ a2(n + 9 _10 k ) n<g·10" 0:5n<10" _ ~ a2 (n) + 92 • ~ a2 (n) = ........ . = (1 + 12 +22 + ._. + 92) - .12(10k) = 286 -Az(10k). This completes the proof of Lemma 2. Now we use Lemma 1 and Lemma 2 to complete the proof of the Theorem. For any positive integer x, let x = a1 • 10kl + a2 . 10k2 + ... + as . 10k• with k1 > k2 > _ .. > ks ~ 0 under the base 10. Then applying Lemma 1 repeatedly we have a(n) a(n) 181 = A1(al - lOki) + al - Al(x - al - lOki) = A1(al _lOki) + al - Al(aZ _lOk2) + alaZ - Al(X - al _lOki - aZ _lOk2) = ........ . i::i This proves the first part of the Theorem_ Applying Lemma 2 and the first part of the Theorem repeatedly we have O~n<x-al -10/0 1 = AZ(al : lOki) + ai - Az(x - al - lOki) = AZ(al . lOki ) + ai . Az(az .lOk2 ) + aia~. Az(x - al . lOki - aZ ·lOk2) = ........ . This completes the proof of the second part of the Theorem. REFERENCES 1. F. Smarandache, Only problems, not Solutions, Xiquan PubJ. House, Chicago, 1993, pp. 22. 2. Tom M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 19i6. 3. R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Berlin, 198!. 4. "Smarandache Sequences" at http://www.gallup.unm.edursmarandache/snaqinUxt. 5. "Smarandache Sequences" at http://www.gallup.unm.edursmarandache/snaqint2.txt.. 6. "Smarandache Sequences" at http://www.gallup.unm.edursmarandache/snaqint.3.txt. 182 

Introduction to Analytic Number Theory,

Only problems, not Solutions, Xiquan PubJ.

Smarandache Sequences&quot; at http://www.gallup.unm.edursmarandache/snaqint.3.txt.

Smarandache Sequences&quot; at http://www.gallup.unm.edursmarandache/snaqint2.txt..

Smarandache Sequences&quot; at http://www.gallup.unm.edursmarandache/snaqinUxt.

Unsolved Problems in Number Theory,

A NEW SEQUENCE RELATED SMARANDACHE SEQUENCES AND ITS MEAN VALUE FORMULA

https://zenodo.org/record/9368/files/NewSequenceRelatedMVF.pdf

A NEW SEQUENCE RELATED SMARANDACHE SEQUENCES AND ITS MEAN VALUE FORMULA

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