Marxist theories of crisis from Karl Marx to Andrew Kliman

Abstract

Diplomski rad se bavi pregledom marksističkih teorija krize. Nastojalo se pružiti odgovor na dva istraživačka pitanja: što marksistički autori smatraju da su uzroci kriza u kapitalizmu te da li će ekonomske krize biti uzrok sloma kapitalizma? U prvome dijelu predstavljeni su radovi Friedricha Engelsa i Karla Marxa. Za Engelsa se pokazalo kako je on vidio uzrok kriza u hiperprodukciji i neravnoteži tržišta, to jest odnosa ponude i potražnje. Karl Marx je isto započeo svoj teorijski rad uočavanjem hiperprodukcije i neravnoteže odnosa na tržištu, ali je on u Kapitalu razvio sagledavanje krize u dva teorijska obrasca reprodukcijske sheme i teoriju pada profitne stope. Iz prethodno dviju navedenih teorijskih koncepata razvila su se dva teorijska pravca u marksističkim teorijama kriza: teorija nerazmjernosti i nedovoljne potrošnje, a usporedno s njima i kritika imperijalizma i monopolističkog kapitalizma. Jedan od zaključaka jest da su krize u srži kapitalističkog sustava te da su hiperprodukcija i neravnomjernost ponude i potražnje izrazi proturječnosti sustava, ali za sada ne postoji efikasan način predviđanja izbijanja kriza. Drugi zaključak jest da kod predstavljenih autora, osobito suvremenih iz prijelaza 20. u 21. stoljeće jest u potrazi alternativnog sustava kapitalizma temeljenog na kooperaciji i suradnji naspram konkurencije i privatnog vlasništva djelovanjem političke akcije masa. Kako će se ostvariti alternativa i kako će ona izgledati ostaje otvoreno.This paper deals with the overview of Marxist crisis theories. An attempt was made to provide an answer to two research questions: what do Marxist authors consider to be the causes of crises in capitalism and will economic crises be the cause of the collapse of capitalism? The first part presents the works of Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx. For Engels, it turned out that he saw the cause of crises in overproduction and imbalance of the market, that is, the relationship between supply and demand. Karl Marx also began his theoretical work by observing hyperproduction and imbalance of relations on the market, but in Capital he developed the perception of the crisis in two theoretical patterns of the reproduction scheme and the theory of the fall in the rate of profit. From the previously mentioned two theoretical concepts, two theoretical trends in Marxist theories of crises have developed: the theory of disproportionality and insufficient consumption, and parallel to them, the criticism of imperialism and monopoly capitalism. One of the conclusions is that crises are at the core of the capitalist system and that hyperproduction and imbalance of supply and demand are expressed contradictions of the system, but for now there is no effective way of predicting the outbreak of a crisis. The second conclusion is that the presented authors, especially contemporary ones from the turn of the 20th to the 21st century, are looking for an alternative system of capitalism based on cooperation and cooperation versus competition and private ownership through the action of political action masses. How the alternative will be realized and what it will look like remains open