Superselection sectors in the 3d Toric Code

Abstract

We rigorously define superselection sectors in the 3d (spatial dimensions) Toric Code Model on the infinite lattice $\mathbb{Z}^3$. We begin by constructing automorphisms that correspond to infinite flux strings, a phenomenon that's only possible in open manifolds. We then classify all ground state superselection sectors containing infinite flux strings, and find a rich structure that depends on the geometry and number of strings in the configuration. In particular, for a single infinite flux string configuration to be a ground state, it must be monotonic. For configurations containing multiple infinite flux strings, we define "infinity directions" and use that to establish a necessary and sufficient condition for a state to be in a ground state superselection sector. Notably, we also find that if a state contains more than 3 infinite flux strings, then it is not in a ground state superselection sector.Comment: 33 pages, 16 figure