This presentation will analyse the issue of digital asset management of heritage structures. Digital technologies such as recording, documentation and Building Information Modelling (BIM) can all contribute important information on the fabric, components and spaces that make up a heritage structure as well as acting as a crisis management tool to support urgent interventions or reconstructions of such iconic monuments

Saleeb, N.

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Middlesex University Research Repository

Framework for Restoration of Heritage using Building Information ModellingDr. Noha Saleeb Associate Professor In Construction & Creative TechnologiesProgramme Leader  MSc BIM Management+ BSc Architectural Technology n.saleeb@mdx.ac.ukInstitutional Links Grant – British Council Mosharafa InstitutePostgraduate Course Feedback1• Why Classification ?2• Classification vs. Measurement3• What does Heritage need ?4• Difference between different systems5• Proposed Heritage Classification SystemAgendaWhy Classification ??What system does it belong to ?Complex ?Rail / hospital…Entity ?N. / S. wing…AcFvity ?Waste water treatment..Space ?Control room…System ?Hot water....ProductWhat about..                    Heritage ?Complex ?Activity ?Space ?System ?Condition ?Construction method?Geometric ratio?Architectural style ?ProductEntity ?Cultural value?BenefitsAlign with all stakeholder specifications and databasesAlignment with manufacturer products, details and Product data sheetsOrganisation of maintainable asset data for FM and OMClassificaFons / libraries / databases for heritage object replacement for renovaFon  Organised legacy data for comparison with other assets and reuseClassification vs. Measurement Systemsvs. Thesaurus??Classification SystemsCAWS – Common Arrangement of Work SecFons (CPIC)• 1987 – aligned with Uniclass (1997)• > 300 sections• Standardisation and coordination between bills of quantities & specifications• Not ordered elementally - inappropriate for object naming in comp. modelsCI/Sfb – Construction Index/Samarbetskommitten for Byggnadsfragor• 1959 - Swedish committee for building investigation• Basis of BS1192-5:1998 Construction Drawing Practice• Library classification – lacking on specs & pricing mechanical/electrical serviceshttp://www.thenbs.com/SFG20 – Standard Maintenance Specification(Service and Facilities Group) • 1990 – BESA• Library of maintenance specifications for building engineering services (online available)• > 400 schedules covering 60 equipment types (task schedules)Classification SystemsOmniclass• 2001 – USA• National BIM Standard (NBIMS) – initiative of BuildingSmart• 15 tables based on ISO 12006 -2 (Organisation of Information about building ~Works – Framework for Classification)Problems: tables differ in• SCOPE: not all deal with arch, civil & process• LEVELS of depth 2-8• OBJECTS: in some tables a level is for groups of objects & individual objects• Some MISALIGNMENTClassification SystemsUniclass• 1997 – by CPIc• 16 tables based on CAWS, EPIC, CI/Sfb• Aligned to ISO 12006-2OmniclassProblems: tables differ in• SCOPE: not all deal with arch, civil & process• LEVELS of depth 2-7• OBJECTS: in some tables a level is for groups of objects & individual objects• NO ALIGNMENT: individually created.• CODING: some numeric /alphanumericClassification SystemsUniclassOmniclassUniclass 2• 2010-2015 – CPIc / NBS• Complex – hospital àEntities - buildings, roads and landscape àActivity - surgical àSpaces – operations wardàElement - roofàSystems – HVAC àProducts – ducts (oxygen..)• Supports the creation of the built environment.Classification SystemsUniclass 2015• Includes: Buildings, engineering, landscape, infrastructure• compliant with ISO 12006-2 - mapped to NRM1 (in PAS1192-4)SpacesEntitiesProducts Systems ElementsUniclassOmniclassUniclass 2?? - PM – Project Management    /     FI – Form of Information   TE                                       Tools & EquipmentZz CADHow does it work ?Ss - SystemsMeasurement Systems• Not strictly classification systems but MEASUREMENT systems• Map to classification systems e.g. UniclassContains• Classification tables (not aligned/related)• Measurement units• Measurement rulesStages for NRM1, NRM2, NRM3Maintenance and Operation Cost Planning and ProcurementConstruction Quantities and Works ProcurementOrder of Cost Estimatesand Cost PlanningEstimatingProject overviewA suited set of rules for:• Estimating- RIBA Work Stage 0 & 1 (A & B)• Cost planning- Elements- RIBA Work Stages 2 & 3 (C – E) • Works Procurement - RIBA Work Stages 4 & 5 (F – K) • Maintenance Procurement - RIBA Work Stage 6 & 7 (L) All rules are developed in consultation with         Clients and Practitioners. NRM 1NRM 2NRM 3What does Heritage need ?Characteristics of a Classification System• Online digital format • Quick to use - allow rapid searching across all the tables simultaneously • Free !!!• Unified – tables not produced independently with associations • One classification mode per table. • Cross-sector  - benefitting many disciplines in industry • Full asset lifecycle (e.g. development, use, FM, demolition)• Object hierarchy across all project phases and timeline • Consider legacy classification systems • Compliant with ISO 12006-2:2015 • Integration with barcoding developed by manufacturers for products. More Hierarchical AttributesWhat’s missing…• Architectural style / age• Geometric information• Construction restrictions• Condition (deterioration, material durability etc.)• Maintenance constraints• Cultural / Heritage value• Reflectance attributes....................Difference between Thesaurus – Classification – Taxonomy -OntologyClassification vs. ThesaurusDefinition• Classification is a process of categorisation, where ideas & objects are recognised, differentiated and understood.     • Classification systems are systems with a distribution of classes created according to common relations or affinitiesClassification vs. ThesaurusDefinition• Thesaurus is a reference work that lists words grouped together according to similarity of meaning (synonyms and antonyms) - in contrast to a dictionary, which provides definitions for words• FISH: “A Thesaurus is a structured wordlist used to standardise terminology. It is used to assist in indexing and retrieving information within databases that make use of the same terminology.”Roget, Peter. 1852. Thesaurus of English Language Words and Phrases.Classification vs. ThesaurusDifferencesClassification SystemUsing symbols: numbers, letters or combinationEstablished relations between concepts –hierarchical representation of objectsTaxonomic: list one concept in one place only in the classification structureLevels of classification e.g. object àactivity à functionTerms inside each hierarchical level are listed alphabetically ThesaurusUsing natural language terms or wordsAlphabetical listing and a systematic or classified displayObject can be listed more than once depending on synonymsCan have semantic levels. Any related relationships between terms are shownNavigation from non-preferred to preferred terms through synonyms Classification vs. ThesaurusExamples of Thesauri• Historic England: Heritage Data – Linked Data Vocabularies for Cultural Heritage  http://www.heritagedata.org/blog/vocabularies-provided/• SMR Forum Scotland                    http://smrforum-scotland.org.uk/shed/data-standards/thesauri/• FISH (Forum on Information Standards in Heritage) http://heritage-standards.org.uk/fish-vocabularies/Classification vs.ThesaurusClassification vs. TaxonomyDifferencesClassification SystemDefinition: systematic arrangement in groups or categories according to established criteria Criteria for hierarchy based on any external factors e.g. discipline, energy usage, structure, function, dimensions Classification is not concerned with providing exhaustive lists classification simply groups the items--beneficial for defining a clear specification and codification of asset components TaxonomyDefinition: giving names to objects or groups of objects according to their positions in a hierarchy Hierarchical relationships usually rely on internal characteristics inherent within the items themselves Taxonomies are more concerned with providing exhaustive lists Taxonomies describe relationships between items Ontology vs. TaxonomyOntologyHighlights metadata of associative relationships between objects and  intricacies between them Inference – e.g. connecQng a type of window to a façade can have differing relaQonships based on architectural period, locaQon and cultural aspects (e.g. privacy consideraQons of that era). Hence a relaQonship could be condiQonal, temporary or seasonal Relationships and associations are not absolute – dynamic (live history and context of a Heritage building that affects how its components are refurbished and maintained, as opposed to a new build) Taxonomyidentifies relationships between items and categories, but lacks displaying the metadata of those items that can change the associations between them Inference Non existentTaxonomy is a defined, static entity. taxonomy tries to simplify a complex collection of seemingly unrelated items into a linear, organization  Construction Related Ontology29In conclusionOntological Classification SystemNon-exhaustive - allowing addition of new elements -Attribute of Classification systems as opposed to Taxonomy Non-semantic specific – focus is not on meaning of words and which terms are synonymous with each other, but on hierarchy  Also word mentioned onceAttribute of Classification not Thesaurus Doesn’t need associaFve relaFonships between child objects – the objecFve is clearly classifying the individual components of a building without complex parent & many to many relaFonships – A8ribute of Classifica:on not Thesaurus Concepts for hierarchical categorization preferred to be according to general criteria and external characteristics not based on internal inherent characteristics –Attribute of Classification not Taxonomy Inclusion of metadata, as per ontologies hence Merge between classificaFon and ontology schemes. Ontological Classifica:on System for HeritageHeritage Ontological ClassificationClasses & Subclasses 35Assembly CategoryStructural components       /      Abached Architectural Components Independent Components          /             CladdingOrientaFonHorizontal Support  /   VerFcal Support   /  Inclined SupportSysteme.g. Columns   /   Load bearing walls.  /  Sanitary FittingsTypee.g. Doric Architrave /  Ionic Frieze / Retaining Walls / Sink ComposiFone.g. Concrete. / Stone /  Brick  / Timber  / SteelExample36PROTÉGÉ Classes & Sub-classesNext….1. Add Data Properties - which describe the common attributes for instances of a class i.e. the relationship between instances and their data values. In this case of sub-class level 5 giving the opportunity to document all the different components with their different characteristics that are actually available onsite.2. Add Object Properties - which describe the relationship between the instances of the different classes / sub classes and each other at sub-class 3 level. These change the relationship and relevance between different components from one heritage asset to another hence affect the way these components are maintained 38Data Properties to add to Sub-class 5 ”Composition” 1. Code ID2. Architectural style3. Age4. Geometric ratio5. Origin6. Material name7. Allowed stresses / load bearing8. Construction method 9. Condition (deterioration)10. Life expectancy11. Maintenance constraints12. Cultural Heritage value13. Reflectance 14. Space function39Example40Data propertiesObject propertiesPROTÉGÉ Onto Graf (3D)PROTÉGÉ Onto Graf (2D)HAIR?Heritage Asset Information Requirements NBS / SFTIndustry case studiesReferences43REFERENCES [1] N. Saleeb, M. Marzouk, and U. Atteya, 2018. “A Comparative Suitability Study Between Classification Systems For BIM In Heritage”. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 130-138, 2018. [2] A. Ekholm, “A conceptual framework for classification of construction works”. ITcon Electronic Journal of Information Technology in Construction, vol. 1, pp. 1–25, 1996. [3] K. Afsari, C.M. Eastman, “A comparison of construction classification systems used for classifying building product models”. In 52nd ASC Annual International Conference Proceedings, 2016. [4] U. Miller, “Thesaurus construction: problems and their roots”. Information Processing & Management, vol. 33, no. 4, pp.481-493, 1997. [5] J. Aitchison, & A. Gilchrist, A., “Thesaurus construction: a practical manual”, (2nd ed.). London: Aslib, 1987. [6] S. Jones, “A thesaurus data model for an intelligent retrieval system”. Journal of Information Science, vol. 19, pp. 167-178, 1993. [7] M. J. Bates, “How to use controlled vocabularies more effectively in online searching”. Online, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 45-56, 1988. [8] R. R. Larson, “Classification clustering, probabilistic information retrieval, and the online catalog”. Library Quarterly, vol. 61, pp. 133-173, 1991. [9] D. Batty, “Thesaurus construction and maintenance: a survival kit”. Database, vol. 12, pp. 13-20, 1989. [10] J. Aitchison, “Indexing languages: classification schemes and thesauri”. In L. J. Anthony (Ed.), Handbook of special librarianship and information work, 5th ed., pp. 207-261. London: Aslib., 1982. [11] L. Lalonde, “What Is the Difference Between Classification & Taxonomy?” online, retrieved 2 August 2018, https://classroom.synonym.com/difference-between-classifi cation-taxonomy-10074596.html, 2018. [12] S. Zhang, F. Boukamp, and J. Teizer, “Ontology-based semantic modeling of construction safety knowledge: Towards automated safety planning for job hazard analysis (JHA)”. Journal of Automation in Construction, vol. 52, pp. 29-41, 2015. [13] C. Schweizer, “What is the Difference between Taxonomy and Ontology? It is a Matter of Complexity” online, retrieved 2 August 2018, http://www.earley.com/blog/what-difference-between-tax onomy-and-ontology-it-matter-complexity, Dec 2016. QuestionsDr. Noha Saleeb      n.saleeb@mdx.ac.uk

Framework for restoration of heritage using building information modelling

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Framework for restoration of heritage using building information modelling

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