कृत्रिम चट्टान - परिभाषा, इतिहास और भारत में स्थित

Divu, D

Edward, Loveson

Kasim, H M

Kizhakudan, Joe K

Kizhakudan, Shoba Joe

Koya, Mohammed

Mohanraj, G

Philipose, K K

Rajagopalan, M

Rajamani, M

Remya, L

Sreenath, K R

Vivekanandan, E

CMFRI Digital Repository

Hkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb, psU‍ubZHkkjr esa leqæh ekfRL;dh ds lq/kkj ds fy, —f=e pêkuksa ds cqfu;knh rRo 1—f=e pêku&ifjHkk”kk] bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjr esa fLFkfrtks ds fd”‍kdwMu] ‘kksHkk tks fd”‍kdwMu] fnoq Mh] JhukFk vkj] eksgE‍en dks;k] yolu ,M~osMZ] bZ foosdkuU‍nu] ,p eksgE‍en dkfle] ds ds fQfyiksl] jktkeuh ,e] th eksgujkt] ,e jktxksikyu] jE‍;k ,yçLrkoukfo’o ekfRL;dh vkt dbZ {ks=ksa ls [krjs dk lkeuk dj jgh gS] ftuesa ekax esa rdZghu o`f)`] çnw”‍k.k vkSj fouk’kdkjh eRL;u rjhdksa ds ek/;e ls tyh; vkoklksa dk fouk’k] fufnZ”‍V lalk/kuksa ds of/kZr fonksgu ls ikSf”‍Vd [kk| tky VwVuk] c<+rh gqbZ çk—frd vkink,a vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu dk çHkko ‘kkfey gSaA oSf’od leqæh eNyh mRiknu ij c<+rh gqbZ fpark ds lkFk vkSj Hkkjr esa ifj–’; fHkU‍u u gksus ds dkj.k] Hkkjrh; leqæh ekfRL;dh vkSj leq~æh ikfjfLFkfrd ra= ds iqu#T‍thou] dk;e j[kus ;k lq/kkjus ds fy, lalk/ku&] {ks=&] vkSj vkokl&fof’k”‍V çca/ku mik; fodflr djus dh rRdky vko’;drk gSA ,d çca/ku dk;Zuhfr dk rRdky vkSj çkFkfed mís’; vkn’kZ :i ls eNyh idM+ esa o`f) djuk gSA fp= 1- psU‍ubZ ds dkf’kesMq esa yaxj fd, x, ;a=h—r iksrksa dk –’; nqfu;k ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa ekfRL;dh esa cMk ifjorZu gqvk gS] lkekU‍;] okf.kfT‍;d :i ls fonksgu fd, tkus okys lalk/kuksa ds vkSlr vkdkj esa dkQh deh gqbZ gS] de vkdkj okys] de ewY‍; ds lalk/kuksa dh idM+ rFkk mi&idM+ esa o`f) gqbZ gS vkSj rsth ls c<+us okyh ekfRL;dh dh otg ls ewY‍;kadu rjhdksa }kjk Hkkjh fxjkoV vD‍lj vçR;kf’kr gksrh gS] blds QyLo:i fouk’kdkjh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifj.kke fudyrs gSaA  mP‍p  ewY‍;  ds  ryeT‍th lalk/kuksa ¼xkflZ;k vkSj U‍;wVu] 1997½ dh /kheh vkSj fLFkj deh Hkh cM+h fpark dk fo”‍k; gS D‍;ksafd ;g vkerkSj ij fury vkoklksa ds vi{kj.k ls lh/ks tqMk gqvk gSA fVdkÅiu ,d Hkzked y{; gS D‍;ksafd ekuo }kjk eNyh dk Qly laxzg.k NksVs] mP‍p ykHk] de ikSf”‍Vdrk Lrj dh eNyh çtkfr;ksa ds i{k esa ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds ,d çxfr’khy ljyhdj.k dh vksj ys tkrk gS] tks dfBu vkSj fuokl Hkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb, psU‍ubZHkkjr esa leqæh ekfRL;dh ds lq/kkj ds fy, —f=e pêkuksa ds cqfu;knh rRo2LFkku ds vi{kj.k dk lkeuk djus ds fy, vuqdwfyr gSa vkSj orZeku ekfRL;dh çca/ku bl #>ku ds fo#) O‍;ogkj djus esa vleFkZ gSA  ( gekjs rVh; leqæ dk D‍;k gqvk gS\ of/kZr fonksgu vkSj fuos’k vkSj fodkl&leFkZd bU‍LVys’kU‍l] of/kZr mRltZu vkSj fuos’k lkefxz;‚a ¼rkih;/[kkjk/iks”‍kd&rRo/eY‍ck½A( gekjs ikjaifjd eNqvkjksa dks D‍;k gks jgk gS\ xaHkhj :i ls rukoxzLrA  ( D‍;k ge [kk| J`a[kyk ds lalk/kuksa dk iwjh rjg fonksgu dj jgs gSa\ gk¡] dqN n’kd igys gh bldh ‘kq#vkr gks pqdh gSA   ( D‍;k ge ‘kh”‍kZ f’kdkjh eNfy;ksa dk var ns[k jgs gSa vkSj Hkkstu <wa<dj pjusokyh eNfy;ksa dk Lokxr dj jgs gSa\ gk¡] ekfRL;dh esa vkSj eRL;u lajpukvksa esa cnyko vk x;h gS vkSj dbZ cM+h f’kdkjh eNfy;ksa esa deh vk x;h gSA ( D‍;k ge bls vkdkj esa deh ;k çfrLFkkiu ds :i esa NksVh fdLeksa dk mn~Hko dgrs gSa\& ;g nksuksa dk la;kstu gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh ;g fo|eku gksrk gSA    ( ikjaifjd eNqvkjk&vf/kdka’k eNqvkjs bu ifjorZuksa ds çfr  dSls vuqdwfyr gSa\ & de lh ih ;q bZ ds lkFk iw¡th xgu ç;klksa esa cny gq, vkSj bl çdkj vkthfodk çHkkfor gqbZA   ( D‍;k fVdkÅiu dk eryc cgq çtkfr;ksa dh mP‍p idM+ vkSj ifjofrZr lajpukvksa dks fn[kkuk gS\ th ugha] lajpukvksa dks cuk;k j[kuk] la[;k vkSj ikSf”‍Vdrk Lrj vkSj f’kdkj&ijHk{kh vuqikr vkSj çkFkfed fLFkfr dks cuk;k j[kuk gSA ( ge yxkrkj Qly laxzg.k] of/kZr ç;klksa vkSj Hkw[ks eqagksa ds lkFk dgk¡ tk jgs gSa\ eNyh LV‚d vkSj idM+ esa deh] vfrfonksgu] idM+us vkSj f[kykus ds fy, cgqr de eNyhA   ( D‍;k çfr;ksfxrk loksZRre dq’ky rduhdksa] rst] cM+s tkyksa] NksVh tkykf{k;ksa] csgrj çfr/ofu LFkku leFkZuksa vkSj iwath fuos’kksa dh mRrjthfork ço`fÙk yk jgh gSA & gk¡] csgrj çxzg.k njksa vkSj {kerkvksa vkSj ewY‍;o/kZu ds fy, vf/kd fuos’k] ysfdu ekftZu de djus vkSj dkjhxj eNqvkjs eq’kfdy esa iM+ jgs gSaA    ( lhekar vkSj detksj eNqvkjksa vkSj vf/kdka’k thfor eNfy;ksa dk D‍;k gksrk gS\& vf/kd ls vf/kd detksj vkSj LVªsl vkSj d”‍V esa jgrh gSaA    ( D‍;k ge us tSofofo/krk vkSj Hkfo”‍; ds vkfFkZd fodY‍iksa ls le>kSrk fd;k gS\ & gk¡] xSj&p;ukRed fxvj xSj&yf{kr çtkfr;ksa dks idM+rs gSa vkSj vkokl ra= vkSj fuokl esa cnyko vkrk gS vkSj bl rjg larqyu vkSj yphykiu esa gypy gksrk gSAHkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb, psU‍ubZHkkjr esa leqæh ekfRL;dh ds lq/kkj ds fy, —f=e pêkuksa ds cqfu;knh rRo 3fp= 2- eNqvkjsa dh vo/kkj.kk ds vuqlkj o”‍kZ 1900&1960 ls 2000&2020 rd rVh; leqæ esa eRL;u ifjos’k esa  ifjorZu dk js[kk fp= ( D‍;k [kk| eNyh dh deh vkSj mP‍p ewY‍; ds dkj.k LFkkuh; :i ls nh?kZdkfyd vfrfonksgu gksxk\ & gk¡] dsoy miyC/krk vkSj vkfFkZd O‍;ogk;Zrk dh lhek rdA   ( D‍;k ;s lHkh Hkwfeghu xjhcksa dks vafre mik;ksa rd ys tkrs gSa ¼i‚yh 1994½& gk¡A  ( D‍;k gesa —f=e pêkuksa dh vko’;drk D‍;ksa gS\ & g‚a] gesa vf/kd eNyh voklksa dh vko’;drk gS] tks u”‍V gq, gSa] eNyh fofo/krk] thola[;k] mRiknu vkSj eRL;u iqu#T‍thou rFkk of/kZr tyok;q ifjorZu ds çfr eNyh yphykiu c<kukAHkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb, psU‍ubZHkkjr esa leqæh ekfRL;dh ds lq/kkj ds fy, —f=e pêkuksa ds cqfu;knh rRo4    fp= 3- lklwu M‚d] eqE‍cbZ esa ekfRL;dh esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys yksaxykbu uko vkSj dkaVk Mksj  ¼jLlh esa dkaVk cka/kdj vHkh Hkh ç;ksx esa gS½—f=e pêku—f=e pêku furyLFk leqæh ouLifr;ksa vkSj tho leqnk;ksa dk fodkl c<+kus ds fy, leqæ ry ij LFkkfir la’kksf/kr eNyh ,d=hdj.k mik; gSa] tks çtuu/Hkkstu ds fy, çoklh tho la[;k dks vkdf”‍kZr djus ds fy, çk—frd okrkoj.k dk vuqdj.k djrs gSa] lkFk&lkFk fuoklh thoksa ds çlkj ds fy, lqjf{kr lajpuk çnku djrs gSaA —f=e pêku vkokl dh iqu%LFkkiuk dks c<kok nsrs gSa vkSj tyh; thotkrksa dh o`f) dks çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA —f=e pêku tyeX‍u ¼;k Hkkfxd :i ls T‍okj ds laidZ esa vkus okyh½ lajpuk,a gSa] tks çk—frd pêkuksa ds tSlk okrkoj.k ltkus] tks fd thfor leqæh lalk/kuksa dh lqj{kk] iqutZuu] /;ku dsfU‍ær djuk vkSj/;k c<+kok nsus ds fy, tkucw>dj leqæ ry ij j[ks x, gSaA blesa vkokl dk laj{k.k vkSj iqutZuu ‘kkfey gSaA os ^*dksbZ uqdlku ugha** djrs gq, çk—frd ikfjfLFkfrd ra= ds Hkkx ds :i esa fLFkr vkoklksa ds leku dk;Z djrs gSaAeNyh ,d=hdj.k mik;/ —f=e eNyh vkokl ¼,Q , Mh/, ,Q ,p½ vkSj —f=e pêkuksa ¼, vkj½ ds mi;ksx esa vD‍lj xyrQgeh gksrh gSA &,Q , Mh vkSj ,Q ,p ¼T‍;knkrj rSjrs gq,] e/; ty esa vkSj fojy :i ls leqæ ry ij½ }kjk dqN fdLeksa ;k fof’k”‍V çtkfr;ksa dks ,df=r djus ds fy, ,d vLFkk;h mik; çkI‍r gksrk gS] cfY‍d —f=e pêku vkokl ds iqufuZekZ.k dk nh?kZdkfyd dk;ZØe gS] tks laj{k.k] mRiknu vkSj çfØ;k dh –f”‍V ls yxHkx leku çk—frd jhQ tSls tho&tarqvksa dk o”‍kksaZ rd vuqj{k.k djrk gSA  fQ’k ,xzhxsfVax fMokbl eNyh dks vkdf”‍kZr djus ds fy, tyh; fudk;ksa esa LFkkfir lajpuk,a ;k midj.k gSaA os çk—frd ;k —f=e lkefxz;ksa ls cus LFkk;h] v/kZ&LFkk;h ;k vLFkk;h gks ldrs gSaA ,Q , Mh dks LFkkfir djus dh çFkk eNfy;ksa dh rSjrh gqbZ oLrqvksa ds uhps ;k mlds vkl&ikl tek gksus dh ço`fÙk ds lkekU‍; Kku esa fufgr gSA ;s midj.k gtkjksa o”‍kksaZ ls mi;ksx esa gSaA ‘kq#vkrh Kkr ,Q , Mh cgrh gqbZ ydM+h] isM+ksa dh ‘kk[kk,a vkSj rkM+ ds iÙks vkfn FksA Hkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb, psU‍ubZHkkjr esa leqæh ekfRL;dh ds lq/kkj ds fy, —f=e pêkuksa ds cqfu;knh rRo 5fuLlansg dgk tk ldrk gS fd ,Q , Mh eNfy;ksa dks vklku fonksgu dh vksj vkdf”‍kZr djus ds fy, vklku lk/ku çnku djrs gSaA gkykafd] ,Q , Mh ds fofu;kstu vkSj çlkj ls Qly laxzg.k ds rjhdksa dks çHkkfor gqvk gS vkSj ekfRL;dh çca/kdksa dh fpark cu x;h gS ¼,Q , vks] 2015½A izkjaHk esa eRL;u idM+ esa o`f) dks çHkkoh :i ls çHkkfor djrs gq,] ,Q , Mh ds dbZ udkjkRed çHkko gksrs gSa] bl dkj.k ls ;s eNyh LV‚d ds fVdkÅiu ds fy, vf/kd [krjs gksrs gSaA ,Q , Mh vaMtud eNfy;ksa ds ,d=hdj.k ;k fd’kksj eNyh ,d=hdj.k ls p;ukRed eRL;u dh laHkkouk dks c<+krs gSa] ftlds QyLo:i vafre HkrhZ vfreRL;u ;k c<+h gqbZ eNfy;ksa dk vfreRL;u gksrk gSA ‘kf’kdqekj vkfn ¼2015½ fjiksVZ djrs gSa fd dukZVd rV ij dfVy fQ’k ds fonksgu ds fy, ,Q , Mh dk O‍;kid mi;ksx djus ls iwohZ vjc lkxj esa vaMtuu ds ckn ços’k gksus okyh bl çtkfr dh thola[;k esa o”‍kZ 2008 esa 93-2 fefy;u ls o”‍kZ 2013 esa 35-6 fefy;u rd dh deh gqbZ gSA blds vykok] çk—frd ikS/kksa ds LFkku ij —f=e xSj&vo?kfVr lkefxz;ksa dk mi;ksx djus ls rVh; leqæ esa leqæh vif’k”‍Vksa ls gksus okyk çnw”‍k.k Hkh vf/kd gksrk gSA     fp= 4- ukfj;y iRrs] dsyk ds iRrs] rsLisfl;k isM] vdsf’k;k uhyksfVdk isM+ dh ‘kk[kkvksa vkSj xzukbV iRFkj vkfn ds  mi;ksx ls cuk, x, ikjaifjd eNyh ,d=hdj.k mik;rVh; leqæh vkokl ra=ksa esa] os çoky leqnk;ksa dks c<+us dk eap çnku djrs gSa vkSj ekfRL;dh lalk/kuksa lfgr çoky ij fuHkZj thotkrksa dh çpqjrk dh o`f) djrs gSaA mudh çkFkfed dkjZokbZ çk—frd pêku vkoklksa dh laHkkfor iqu%çkfI‍r ij gS] tks çk—frd vkSj ekuotfur gLr{ksiksa ls çHkkfor lhek ij gSa] fQj Hkh ;s çoky fofu;ksftr pêkuksa ds fofu;kstu ds ek/;e ls vuqdwy vkoklksa dk foLrkj djus dk lk/ku lkfcr dj ldrs gSaA bldk ykHk rV ds ikl eRL;u ry fodflr djuk gS] ftlds ek/;e ls ikjaifjd vkSj xSj&fouk’kdkjh eRL;u rjhdksa rd vklkuh ls igq¡pk tk ldrk gSA —f=e pêku —f=e }hiksa] dscyksa] ikbiykbuksa] I‍ysVQkeksaZ] yaxj vkSj rVh; j{kk dh lajpukvksa ¼tSls czsdokVj] Mkbd vkfn½ dks vyx djrs gSa vkSj ;s eq[; :i ls vU‍; mís’;ksa vkSj eNyh ,d=hdj.k mik;ksa ¼,Q , Mh½ ds :i esa cuk, tkrs gSaA —f=e pêku çca/ku midj.k gSa] ftU‍gsa mfpr rjhds ls ykxw fd;k tk, rks os fuokl LFkku dh iqu%LFkkiuk vkSj c<+kok vkSj tyh; thotkrksa dh cgqyrk ds fy, vR;f/kd lgk;d lkfcr gksaxsA nqfu;k Hkj esa vkokl vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd ra= vkSj okf.kfT‍;d ekfRL;dh esa o`f) ds fy, —f=e pêku çkS|ksfxdh dk O‍;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA —f=e pêkuksa ds ykHk—f=e pêku çtuu ds fy, bl rjg ds vkoklksa esa ,df=r gksus okyh ;k pêkuksa ij fuHkZj eNyh lewgksa dks mi;qD‍r iukg çnku djrs gSaA ;s lajpuk,a NksVs thoksa dks vklkuh ls vkdf”‍kZr djrh gSa] tks fofHkU‍u leqæh çtkfr;ksa ds fy, [kk| ds egRoiw.kZ lzksr gSaA ;s pêkuksa ls nwj Hkkstu ds fy, ?kweus okyh eNfy;ksa ds fy, –’; lanHkZ fcanqvksa ds :i esa dke Hkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb, psU‍ubZHkkjr esa leqæh ekfRL;dh ds lq/kkj ds fy, —f=e pêkuksa ds cqfu;knh rRo6djrs gSaA —f=e pêkuksa ds ek/;e ls ekfRL;dh ds fodkl dk lcls cM+k ykHk ;g gksxk fd eNqvkjksa ds fy, eNfy;ksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, fcrkus ds le; vkSj bZa/ku dk O‍;; de gksrs gSaA bu pêkuksa dk vxj Bhd ls fuekZ.k vkSj Bhd ls fofu;kstu fd;k tk,] rks ekStwnk [kqjnjs ry esa vkokl dk okrkoj.k lq/kkjus vkSj igq¡p ds {ks=ksa esa xq.krk;qD‍r eRL;u ry fodflr djus ds fy, mi;qD‍r fd;k tk ldrk gSA lqfu;ksftr vkSj fufeZr pêku eNyh vkSj ekuo nksuksa ds fy, ykHknk;d m|e gSA ,d pêku ;k eNyh vkJ; dk fuekZ.k ,d catj] vis{kk—r xSj&mRiknd /kjkry dks xfr’khy] vR;f/kd mRiknd okrkoj.k esa cny ldrk gSA dP‍ps ry ds vkokl dh ek=k esa o`f) djkus ls ,d tfVy tho lewg ds fy, rRdky vkJ; vkSj ckn esa Hkkstu feyrk gS] vU‍;Fkk vfrthforrk ds la?k”‍kZ dh çfØ;k esa u”‍V gks ldrk gSA  pêkuksa ds çdkjlaj{k.k: ygjksa dks jksdus vkSj leqæ rV ij gksus okys çHkkoksa dks de djus ds fy, leqæ ry esa tek;h x;h leqæ rV vkSj rV js[kk lqj{kk lajpuk,aA    laj{k.k/vHk;kj.;: pquh x;h çtkfr;ksa dks jgus ds fy, mi;qD‍r vkokl vkSj vHk; LFkku l`ftr djsa ;k pquh x;h çtkfr;ksa dk leqæ jSapu djds cLrh d‚yfu;ksa dk fodkl djsaA mRiknu: cLrh] ,d=hdj.k vkSj xq.ku rFkk ekfRL;dh vkSj eNqvkjksa dh vkthfodk esa lq/kkj ds fy, fufeZr pêkuksa dh eY‍Vhe‚Mîwy vlsacyhA  euksjatu: Ldwck vkSj Mkbfoax ds çfr mRlkgh yksxksa ds fy, vkSj bdksVwfjte dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fMtkbu fd, x, e‚Mîwy vkSj budk fofu;kstuA  çtuu ,oa ikyu/jSapu: laHkj.k vkSj thola[;k iqu#)j dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fd’kksjksa vkSj cht /kkj.k vkSj ikyu dk okrkoj.k cukus ds fy, fo’ks”‍k :i ls fMtkbu fd, x, pêku e‚MîwyA  ekfRL;dh vkSj vkthfodk: ljy e‚My vkSj fofo/k rFkk çk—frd lajpukvksa ds lkFk y?kq iSekus esa vY‍idkfyd rkSj ij ltkus dk pêku fofu;kstuA     —f=e leqæh ekmaV dk fuekZ.k: —f=e ekmaV ;k lajpuk cukus ds fy, ty LraHk {ks= esa  lao/kZu c<+kus ds fy, fo’ks”‍k :i ls fMtkbu fd, x, cM+s ikby vkSj Mai dk fuekZ.kA ;s vkerkSj ij cgqr yach lajpuk,a gksrh gS vkSj vf/kd xgjkbZ ij egk}hih; ‘ksY‍Q ij fofu;ksftr dh tkrh gSaA    iks”kd rRoksa ds feJ.k ds fy, viosfyax jhQ: lrg vkSj ty LraHk esa xfrghu iks”‍kd rRoksa ds feJ.k dks cnykus ds fy, ‘kD‍r ygj ds {ks=ksa esa leqæ ry ij nhokj tSlh lajpukvksa dk fofu;kstu] rkfd  çkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed mRikndksa ds fodkl vkSj o/kZu gks tk,A  /kkjk Nk;k/oSd jhft;u dk l`tu: vf/kd leqæh /kkjkvksa vkSj çokg xfr gksus okys {ks=ksa esa fofu;kstu fd, tkus ds fy, fo’ks”‍k fMtkbu esa e‚Mîwy fodflr djukA e‚Mîwyksa dk teko çokg dh fn’kkvksa ds vuqlkj vf/kd /kkjk Nk;k vkSj oSd jhft;u cukus ds fy, mi;qD‍r gS] tks I‍yod cfLr;ksa dk leFkZu dj ldrk gSA   cgq mís’;: e‚Mîwyksa dk la;kstu okafNr vuqlkj mRiknu] ifjj{k.k] euksjatu ;k vU‍; dk;ksaZ ds fy, yf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA  Hkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb, psU‍ubZHkkjr esa leqæh ekfRL;dh ds lq/kkj ds fy, —f=e pêkuksa ds cqfu;knh rRo 7laj{k.k ds fy, —f=e pêkuleqæh lajf{kr {ks= esa —f=e pêku euksjatu vkSj i;ZVu ds fy, —f=e pêkuHkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb, psU‍ubZHkkjr esa leqæh ekfRL;dh ds lq/kkj ds fy, —f=e pêkuksa ds cqfu;knh rRo8lhekmaV ;k d‚uviosfyax ¼mRlzo.k½pêkuksa esa Nk;k/oSd jhft;uHkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb, psU‍ubZHkkjr esa leqæh ekfRL;dh ds lq/kkj ds fy, —f=e pêkuksa ds cqfu;knh rRo 9—f=e pêku vuqla/kku o fodkl vkSj Hkkjr esa budk fofu;kstu o”‍kZ 1947 esa LFkkiuk ds ckn ls] dsU‍æh; leqæh ekfRL;dh vuqla/kku laLFkku ¼Hkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb½ leqæh tho lalk/kuksa] ekfRL;dh] fVdkÅiu] eNqvkjk tux.kuk vkSj vkthfodk] leqæh lao/kZu vkSj leqæh i;kZoj.k ij dk;Zjr gSA laLFkku us bu fn’kkvksa esa dbZ dk;Zç.kkfy;k¡] çkS|ksfxfd;k¡] mRikn] vuqla/kku fu”‍d”‍kZ vkSj çdk’ku rS;kj fd, gSaA bu o”‍kksaZ esa] rfey ukMq xqtjkr vkSj egkjk”‍Vª vkSj blh rjg ds dbZ jkT‍;ksa esa] tgk¡ okf.kfT‍;d ekfRL;dh eq[; :i ls cM+s f’kdkjh eNyh leqnk;ksa vkSj ryeT‍th eNyh çtkfr;ksa }kjk lefFkZr Fkh] eRL;u rhozrk] fo’ks”‍kr% cM+s ryeT‍th xzqiksa dh idM+ ls bu lalk/kuksa dh yxkrkj ?kVrh gqbZ vkSj NksVh eNfy;k¡ mHkjus yxhaA blds QyLo:i] rVh; ekfRL;dh dh fuHkZjrk cM+h eNfy;ksa ls NksVh eNfy;ksa esa ifjofrZr gqbZ] ftlls lkeqnkf;d lajpuk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds O‍;ogkj esa viwj.kh; ifjorZu gq, gSaA miyC/k eNyh LV‚d ij of/kZr ekax]ekuoh; gLr{ksiksa] tyok;q ifjorZu ls lacaf/kr ruko vkSj leqæh Hkkstu dh c<+rh gqbZ ekax vkSj iks”‍k.k laca/kh vko’;drkvksa ij gksus okyh c<+rh gqbZ ekax us egRoiw.kZ vkoklksa vkSj eNqvkjksa dh vkthfodk ij c<+rs ncko ds lkFk leqæh ekfRL;dh ifjos’k dks c<+kok fn;k x;k gSAo”‍kZ 1980 ls ysdj Hkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb eNyh ,d=hdj.k mik;ksa] —f=e pêkuksa vkSj eNyh LV‚d iqu#)kj vkSj iqu%LFkkiuk ds ek/;e ls vkokl o`f) vkSj rVh; mRikndrk vkSj vkthfodk esa lq/kkj ij dk;Zjr gSA ‘kq: esa dbZ xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa tSls eNqvkjk leqnk;ksa dk nf{k.k Hkkjr QsMjs’ku ¼,l vkb ,Q ,Q ,l½] lkeqnkf;d laxBu ds fy, dk;ZØe ¼ih lh vks½] fVªokU‍Mªe] y;ksyk lkekftd lsok dsU‍æ] fVªokU‍Mªe] eq#xI‍ik psfê;kj vuqla/kku dsU‍æ ¼,e lh vkj lh½] psU‍ubZ vkSj ubZ varjkZ”‍Vªh; vFkZO‍;oLFkk ij vuqla/kku dsU‍æ ¼lh vkj bZ ,u vkb vks] psU‍ubZ½ eNqvkjksa dks tqVkus vkSj Hkkjr ds nf{k.k&if’pe vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ rVksa esa dqN eRL;u x‚aoksa esa —f=e pêkuksa ds fofu;kstu ds fy, ftE‍esnkj FksA lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb us o”‍kZ 1990 ds n’kd esa —f=e pêkuksa ij vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl dk;Z ‘kq: fd;kA o”‍kZ 1990 ds n’kd ds çkjaHk esa lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb }kjk y{k}hi ds fefudks; vkSj VwfVdksfju esa —f=e pêkuksa dk ijh{k.kkRed fofu;kstu fd;kA o”‍kZ 1996 esa lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb] dksP‍ph ds çf’k{kdksa ds çf’k{k.k dsU‍æ ¼Vh Vh lh½ esa —f=e pêku fuekZ.k çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ikyu ij ,d jk”‍Vªh; dk;Z’kkyk vk;ksftr dh x;hA Hkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb }kjk o”‍kZ 1997 esa fof”‍kate esa nks pêkuksa dk fofu;kstu fd;k x;kA blds ckn dsjy ljdkj ds ekfRL;dh foHkkx ds foRrh; leFkZu ls o”‍kZ 1999&2003 ds nkSjku iwokj] fVokU‍Mªe] /keZMe] d..kwj] ewnkMh] dksf”‍kdksM] frD‍dksMh] dksf”‍kdksM vkSj eqêe] d..kwj ds yxHkx 50]000 oxZ eh- ds {ks=esa pêkuksa dk fofu;kstu fd;k x;kA 2000 ds n’kd esa psU‍ubZ ds nf{k.k Hkkx ds rVh; leqæ esa fofu;ksftr —f=e pêku lajpukvksa ds ek/;e ls lalk/ku o`f) vkSj of/kZr vkfFkZd ykHk esa —f=e pêkuksa dh laHkkfor Hkwfedk dk çn’kZu fd;k x;kA pêku fofu;ksftr {ks=ksa ls mP‍p xq.krk ;qD‍r eNyh idM+ çkI‍r gqbZ] tks eNqvkjksa dks çfrbdkbZ ç;kl ls csgrj vkfFkZd ykHk nsrh gS ¼foosdkuU‍nu vkfn] 2006½A gky ds o”‍kksaZ esa] lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb ds rduhdh ekxZn’kZu esa rVh; leqæ esa —f=e pêkuksa ds fofu;kstu esa rfey ukMq çeq[k Hkkx cu x;k gSA o”‍kZ 2006 ls ysdj] ekfRL;dh foHkkx] rfey ukMq ljdkj us lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb eækl {ks=h; LVs’ku dh rduhdh lgk;rk ls rfey ukMq rV ds 10 ftyksa ds 125 rVh; LFkkuksa esa —f=e pêkuksa dk fofu;kstu fd;k gSA o”‍kZ 2011 ls] efgyk fodkl ds fy, rfey ukMq fuxe ¼Vh ,u lh Mh MCyq½] rfey ukMq ljdkj ds vkb ,Q , Mh lefFkZr lwukeh mijkar fVdkÅ vkthfodk dk;ZØe ¼ih Vh ,l ,y ih½ rfey ukMq rV ij pêkuksa ds fofu;kstu ds fy, vkxs vk;k vkSj 18 LFkkuksa esa lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb }kjk vkSj 42 LFkkuksa esa jk”‍Vªh; egklkxj çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku ¼,u vkb vks Vh½ }kjk fofu;kstu dk;Z iwjk fd;k x;kA vU‍; ,u th vks vkSj ,tsafl;ksa }kjk la;qD‍r :i ls o”‍kZ 2000&2020 ds nkSjku rfey ukMq ds 22 LFkkuksa esa —f=e pêkuksa dk fofu;kstu fd;k x;kA  Hkk — vuq i&lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb, psU‍ubZHkkjr esa leqæh ekfRL;dh ds lq/kkj ds fy, —f=e pêkuksa ds cqfu;knh rRo10,u Vh ih lh ¼lh ,l vkj foRr iks”‍k.k½ vkSj jkT‍; ekfRL;dh foHkkx ds lg;ksx ls lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb us vka/kzk çns’k ds fo’kk[kiê.ke ftys ds eqfr;kyE‍eikye x‚ao esa —f=e pêkuksa dk fofu;kstu fd;kA vka/kzk çns’k ds eqfr;kyE‍eikye rV ij 1000 eh2 ds {ks= esa ¼15 eh- dh xgjkbZ esa½ ebZ] 2015 esa dqy 210 ¼3 e‚Mîwyksa esa 70½ —f=e pêku e‚Mîwyksa dk fofu;kstu fd;k x;kA dqy 210 bdkb;ksa }kjk 1000 eh2 {ks= vkSj 2781-8 eh2 dk lrg {ks=Qy doj fd;k x;kA lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb us 12 lewgksa esa 225 pêku e‚Mîwyksa ds fofu;kstu ds lkFk] —f”‍k] fdlku dY‍;k.k vkSj lgdkfjrk foHkkx] xqtjkr ljdkj ds fy, ijke’kZ vk/kkj ij xqtjkr ds dP‍N ftys ds HkjsZ’oj esa —f=e eNyh vkokl vk/kkfjr leqæh ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= iqu%LFkkiuk dk dk;Z Hkh fd;k gSA lh ,e ,Q vkj vkb rfey ukMq rV ds lkFk fofHkU‍u LFkkuksa ij fofu;ksftr —f=e pêkuksa dh ifjiD‍ork dh fLFkfr dk vkdyu djus ds fy, v/;;u Hkh dj jgk gS vkSj çk—frd vkokl vkSj bldh tSofofo/krk ij —f=e pêkuksa ds çHkko dk vkdyu djus ds fy, tkudkjh ,d= dj jgk gSA eækl {ks=h; LVs’ku dh Vhe rfey ukMq esa fiNys nks n’kdksa ls fudVorhZ rV esa vkokl fuekZ.k dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, mi;qD‍r jhQ fMtkbu vkSj lajpuk vkSj ?kuRo ds fodkl ij dk;ksaZ ij dsfU‍ær vuqla/kku vkSj fuxjkuh vkSj ewY‍;kadu dj jgh gSA dbZ iSVsuZ] lkefxz;ksa vkSj LFkkuksa dk vkdyu fd;k x;k vkSj LFkku fof’k”‍V dk;ZØe fodflr fd, x, gSaA gky gh esa] laLFkku dks isVsaV 197/CHE/2012 ds fy, isVsaV vf/kdkj çnku fd;k x;kA

कृत्रिम चट्टान - परिभाषा, इतिहास और भारत में स्थिति

http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/16978/1/CMFRI%20Training%20Manual%20series%20No.%2032_2023_Chapter%201%20%28Hindi%29.pdf

कृत्रिम चट्टान - परिभाषा, इतिहास और भारत में स्थिति

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