The histopathology and body and organ weights have been evaluated for 76 adult red patas monkeys used as controls in routine short term toxicity studies.Body and organ weights varied considerably, males weighting 2.45—7.7 kg and females 2.65—4.80 kg. Absolute organ weights did not exhibit a clear graphical relationship to body weight, although brain weight did show an exponential relationship when its weight relative to body weight was plotted against body weight.Neoplastic changes were not seen in any male or female animal. Common lesions included sialodacroadenitis, sub-acute thyroiditis, chronic respiratory disease, interstitial nephritis and cystitis. Pulmonary and intestinal nematode infections were present in ten animals. It is concluded that the range of lesions identified resemble those present in many other species of laboratory animal maintained under conventional laboratory conditlons

Lansdown, A.B.G.

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Journals from University of Tartu

Scand, J1 Labr Animi Scii No. 1 . 1990. Vol. 17The red patas monkey (Erythrocebus paras):An analysis of pathological changes and organ/bodyweight data in laboratory animals in a 12 year periodby A. B. G. LansdownDept. of Comparative Biology, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School,London, W6 SRP, England.INTRODUCTIONNon-human primates are used routinely intoxicity studies and in medical research butsources of reference material relating to nor-mal background pathology are frequentlydifficult to find. Surveys of organ and bodyweights have been reported for the rhesusmonkey (Macaca mulatta) (Cupp & Uemura1981) and marmoset (Callithrix jaccus) butcomparable data does not seem to be avail-able for the red patas monkey which hasbeen availavle for experimental studies inEurope for many years. Its value in invest—igations in emphasised in a recent publica-tion that discusses in detail, breeding pro-grammes (Kaplan, Anthony at a]. 1981).The use of larger species in experimentaltoxicology is limited by their availabilityand economic considerations. This meansthat the number of animals allocated tocontrol groups will be small. Thus, evalua-tion of test animals in a study will involve adirect comparison With the control animalsavailable; this information being supplemen—ted by experience gained in using the speciesover several years. The present report hasbeen compiled from a survey of the controldata accumulated in the Wyeth Laboratories(Maidenhead, U,K.) in the period from1969—1981.Unfortunately, the animals were not bred inthat laboratory and their ages are not accu-rately known. However, the animals aredeemed to be representative of patas mon-keys available for biomedical research stu-dies.MA TERIAL AND METHODSThe animals used in this survey were sup—plied by Shamrock Farms Ltd. (Henfield,Sussex, England). They were examined by aqualified veterinarian and were in a goodstate of health when received, and through-out the entire observation period. They hadbeen subjected to a regulatory 6-monthsquarantine period and were certified freefrom rabies, Mycobacterium spp. (tubercu-losis, Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. in-fections. 'The survey included 76 animals (38 maleand 38 female). They had been designated ascontrols in routine toxicological studies; assuch they had been closed orally with distil-led water or other suitable solvent with arecognised low toxicity threshold (i.e. 0.5 %gum tragacanth in water).At the end of the observation period (one tosix months), monkeys were killed by an in-travenous injection of pentabarbitone so-dium (Sagatal®). Each animal was weighedand subjected to a full posl-mortem exam-ination.The following organs were routinely samp—led, weighed and representative tissues pre-served in 10 0/0 phosphate buffered formalinfor histopathology. (The eyes were preservedin Davidson’s fluid which is preferred to for-malin for this tissue).Organs preserved for histopathology include:Brain, pituitary, heart, spleen, thymus,kidneys, adrenal glands, thyroid and pa-rathyroid, liver, salivary glands, pancre-as, testis/ovary and reproductive tract.Scand. J. Lab. Anim. Sci. No. l . 1990 . Vol. 17(Other tissues sampled but not weighedincluded — spinal cord, sciatic nerve,aorta, cervical and mesenteric lymph no-des, gall bladder and bile duct, skeletalmuscle and tongue).Organ weights were expressed as absolute, orrelative to body weight.For histopathology, tissues samples wereroutinely embedded in paraffin wax in theusual way and thin sections stained withHaematoxylin and Eosin. Additionally, ner-vous tissue was stained with thionin forNissl granule granulation and nerve cellbody demonstration.RESUL TSThe monkeys surveyed here were in appa-rant good health through the entire studyperiods and no fatalities were recorded. Atautopsy, one female animal exhibited a largemediastinal abscess, but gross observationsin other animals were unremarkable.The male animals in this survey weighedmore than the females, but whereas most ofthe females were sexually mature as indica-ted by regular oestrus cycles, the majority ofmales weighing less than 5 kg were still quiteimmature.Relativebrainweight Body weight (kg)Fig. la.  Table 1.Absolute organ weights in red patas monkeys.MALES FEMALESBody weight (kg) 4.49 :02] 3.79:0.10Organ weight (g)Brain 91.70: 1.90 83.90: 1.20Heart 35.29:2,14 27.35: 1.02Liver 112.80:3.9O 103.30:2.90Lung (Left) 16.14:0.88 13.13:0.51Lung (Right) 17.56:0.84 1490:057Kidney (Left) 10.33 :0.38 9.64:027Kidney (Right) 10.21 :037 9.49 :03]Spleen 6.16:0.42 5.91 :033Thymus 5.59 :043 4.36 :029Pituitary 0054:0009 0.052 :0006Adrenal (Right) 0.53 :003 0.55 :003Adrenal (Left) 0.62:0.03 0.62 :0.03Thyroid (Right) 0.35 :003 0.33 :002Thyroid (Left) 0.36:0.03 0.31 $0.02Testis (Right) 1.45:0.32 —Testis (Lefi) 1.45:0.32 —Ovary (Right) —- 0.237 :0022Ovary (Left) — 0.248 :0026 Absolute organ weights (Table l) variedwidely and showed a poor correlation withbody weight in both males and females.However, a good correlation was evidentwhere relative brain weight was expressed as Body weight (kg)Fig. 1b.Fig. 1a, [7. Relative brain weight in relation to body weight in red patas monkeys.10 l.l_).-- male0 ..... female0. l"‘ ln I:3r.>..4:..0g....o..c.‘3‘ In—aI0>.4.i.x  Body walnut (lg)F1g. 16. Relative thymic weight in relation to bodyweight in red patas monkeys.a function of body weight (Fig. 1a, b). Forother tissues, notably the thymus, the corre—lation between the relative weight and bodyweight was not good (Fig. 1c).Pathological Changes: (Table 2).Approximately half the monkeys showed hi-stopathological evidence of chronic respira-tory disease manifest by a mild to moderatelymphoid infiltration with occasional foci ofpolymorponuclear cells. Occasionally pul-monary alveolar macrophages were identi—fied containing dust particles or haemoside-Scand, J. Lab, Anim. Sci. No. 1 . 1990 . Vol. 17rin pigment. These were present mainly inperivascular or peribronchiolar areas.Several animals showed evidence of nema—tode infections in the lungs and in the loweralimentary tract. Cross sections of wormswere seen in bronchioli and associated withsmall abcsesses or granuloma at various sitesin the small intestine and caecum.Small foci of mononuclear cells were identi—fied at numerous sites including the thyroidand salivary glands, pharynx, liver and kid-neys. The affected monkeys frequentlyshowed reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in thespleen and lymph nodes.The female animals were mostly mature andexhibited characteristic ovarian morpholo-gy. Otherwise, the reproductive tract wasunremarkable other than six cases of endo—metritis/vaginitis.As most of the male animals were imma—ture, testicular sections showed minimal evi—dence of spermatogenesis.Other lesions of interest in these monkeysincluded two animals showing sarcocysticinfection in the rectus muscles of the eye,tongue and skeletal muscle; a male animalwith embryonic rests in the thyroid; and thefemale with the mediastinal abscess reportedabove. The abscess involved mainly the pe-ricardia] and pleural membranes, but a mi-nimal ventricular myocarditis was also pre-sent. The abscess was probably of a long-standing nature and comprised a massiveinfiltration of polymorphonuclear cells withfibrin deposition.Table 2. Histopathological lesions in 76 red patas monkeys.Male Female Brain —— focal or diffuse meningitis 7 3— glial cell proliferation 1 1— lymphocytic infiltration 4Tongue - lymphocytic infiltration 11 10— Sarcocystis sp. infection 1 1Buccal Cavity — chronic gingevitis 1Salivary Gland — Focal adenitis/dacroadenitis 12 11— granuloma (? parasitic) 1Trachea - lymphocytic infiltration 9 5— mueosal hyperplasia 111Stand. .1. Lab. Anim. Sci. No. l . 1990 . V01. 17Table 2. (Continued).Male Female ThyroidEyesLungsKidneyliverUrinary BladderSpleenLymph nodesThymusHeartPancreasPituitaryAdrenal glandSketetal musclesub-acute thyroiditisbranchial cystsparafollicular cell hyperplasiaLymphoid infiltrates in eyelidSarcocystic infection in musclechronic interstitial pneumonitisalveolar macrophages — hae mosiderin— dust particlespleuresy with pleural thickeningdystrophic mineralisation inpulmonary blood vesselsnematode granulomagiant cell granulomaacute bronchitisbronchopneumoniachronic interstitial nephritisinterstitial fibrosistubular dilatationchronic pyelitispyelonephritisfocal mineralisation in tubuleshydropic degenerationfocal lymphocyte infiltrationhepatocellular vacuolationa. centriacinarb. periacinarc. generalisedfatty degenerationbile duct proliferationbile duct granuloma (? parasitic)intraparenehymal granulomachronic inflammationfollicular hyperplasiareactive hyperplasiaparasitic granulomareactive hyperplasiainfiltration of foamy macrophagesbranchial cystschronic myocarditispericarditischronic pancreatitisislet cell hyperplasiainterstitial fibrosisanterior lobe cystslymphoid infiltratesfocal myositissarcocystic infectionGastrointestinal t ract — gastric erosionThoraxUterus/VaginaOvarycolonic abscess (? parasitic)oesophageal granuloma (? parasitic)chronic colitismediastinal abscesschronic endometritis/vaginitiscysticHNr—tr—‘b—Ah—dMma-QHNHi—‘flHNh—‘NO\27mp—NONL'JAr—‘ND—‘t—‘QWWNr—Ap—451921ov—‘qh—4;NHHNH~N4:CNNNw—NNNt—‘wt—‘gb—‘mwr—‘LNo_NH—«y—‘H Total number of animals examined 38 w 00I3Scand. J. Lab, Anim. Sci. No, 1 , 1990 . Vol. 17DISCUSSIONPrevious reviews on the biology and patho-logy of laboratory monkeys are not numer-ous and most relate to animals maintainedin zoological collections (Ruck 1967). Theapparant lack of neoplastic lesions in thisstudy is perhaps not surprising in View ofearlier studies indicating a very low inci-dence of spontaneous tumours in monkeys,and a minimal susceptibility to chemicallyinduced carcinogenesis (Kent & Pickering1958). A further plausible explanation forthe low tumour incidence in captive mon—keys, is that the animals are too young andhave not attained the so-called ”tumourage”. Tumours are occasionally reportedhowever, but rarely is the age of the animalknown (Komminem', Groth er a1. 1978, Jo—nes & Casey 1981, Lansdown 1982).Other aspects of the pathology of this groupof patas monkeys are unremarkable andvery comparable to that seen in other spe-cies of laboratory animals. The low inci-dence of background pathology and dociletemperament suggests that the patas monkeyis a very suitable sub-human primate forlaboratory research.The prevalence of nematode, sarcocysticand other infections in animals available forresearch in Europe is not known, but theywill reflect the local conditions in the tropi—cal environment from which the animals areobtained.It is unfortunate that the ages of these ani-mals are not known enabling organ weightsto be expressed more appropriately.It is likely however, as with other species oflaboratory animal, body and organ weightswill correlate well with age, showing an ex-ponential relationship in the active growthphase, and then a plateau when the animalattains maturity. This pattern has been de-monstrated in recent studies with the mar—moset which breeds well under laboratoryconditions (Wadsworth et al. 1981).It is hoped that publication of the presentinformation will serve as an incentive forother workers to present details on the14background pathology on other species ofnon-human primate available for medicalresearch. It will be appreciated that as thedemand for high quality animals increases,so more centres Will become available forbreeding large species in captivity, thus alle-viating the problems associated with impor-ting infected animals from the wild state.This facility will enable a more accurateevaluation of organ and body weight, andfurther enhance the available knowledge ofthe species.AcknowledgementsI am grateful to the Wyeth Laboratories (U.K.) forallowing me to publish this material which wascompiled during my tenure as Head of Pathology.SummaryThe histopathology and body and organ weightshave been evaluated for 76 adult red patas mon-keys used as controls in routine short term toxicitystudies.Body and organ weights varied considerably, ma—les weighting 2.45—7.7 kg and females 2.65—4.80kg. Absolute organ weights did not exhibit a cleargraphical relationship to body weight, althoughbrain weight did show an exponential relationshipwhen its weight relative to body weight was plot-ted against body weight.Neoplastic changes were not seen in any male orfemale animal. Common lesions included sialo—dacroadenitis, sub-acute thyroiditis, chronic respi-ratory disease, interstitial nephritis and cystitis.Pulmonary and intestinal nematode infectionswere present in ten animals. It is concluded thatthe range of lesions identified resemble those pre-sent in many other species of laboratory animalmaintained under conventional laboratory condi-tlons.SammendragHistopatologi og krops- og organvaegtc blev under—sogt i 76 voksne aber al'arten Erythrocehus patas,anvendt som kontroldyr i toksikologiske studier.Krops— 0g organvaegte udviste betydelig kansvari—ation. Hanner vejede 2.45—7.7 kg og hunner2.65—4.80 kg.Organvzegtene Viste ingen klar korrelation medkropsvagt, skant hjernevagt viste en eksponentielsammenlmng med kropsvaegt.Der blev ikke observeret neoplastiske forandringeri nogen af abeme.Almindelige patologiske forandringer omfattedesialodacroadenitis, subakut thyroiditis, kroniskluftvejslidelse, interstitial nephritis 0g cystitis. Pul-monaere 0g intestinale nematodeinfektioner sashos ti dyr.Det konkluderes, at forandringerne minder omtilsvarende forandringer hos andre forsegsdyr, derhuses under konventionelle betingelser.Yhteenveto / K. PelkonenTyéssa raportoidaan 1yhytaikaisissa toksisuusko-keissa kontrolleina olleen 76 aikuisen red pata-apinan histopatologia ja e1inpainot.Ruumiinpainot ja e1inten painot vaihtelivat suure-sti: urokset painoivat 2.45-7.7 kg ja naaraat2.65—4.8 kg. Absoluuttiset e1inpainot eiVéit yleise—sti olleet selva'sti graafisesti suhteessa ruumiinpai~noihin. Aivojen suhteellisen painon kuvaaja olikuitenkin eksponentiaalinen suhteessa ruumiin-painoon.Yhdesséikéia'n ela'imessa ei havaittu neoplastisiamuutoksia. Yleisiéi muutoksia olivat sialodacro—adeniitti, subakuutti tyroidiitti, krooninen hengi-tystietulehdus, interstitiaalinefriitti ja kystiitti. Su-oliston ja keuhkojen sukkulamatotartunta havait—tiin kymmenessa' elaimessa. Artikkelissa paady-taan monissa muissakin koe-elaimissé, joita hoi-detaan konventionaaholoissa.Scand. .1. Lab. Anim. Sci. No. 1 , 1990 . Vol. 17ReferencesCupp, C. J. & E. Uemura: Body and organweights in relation to age and sex in Macacamulatta. J. Med. Primatol. 1981, 10. 110—123.Jones, S. R. & H. W. Casey: Primary renal tu-mours in non-human primates. Vet. Path.1981, 18(Suppl. 6), 89—104.Kaplan, J. R., M. Anthony & L. Wood: Domesticbreeding of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus pa-tas). Lab. Anim. Sci. 1981, 31, 409—412.Kent, S. P. & J. E. Pickering; Neoplasms in mon-keys (Macaca, mulatta) spontaneous and irri-diation induced. Cancer 1958, 11, 138—147.Kommineni, C., D. H. Grolh & J. B. La]: Kidneycarcinoma in a male cynomolgous monkey.Vet. Path. 1978, 15, 569—576.Lansdown, A. B. G: A multinodular splenic ab-normality in a red patas monkey (Erythroce-bus patas). Vet. Rec. 1982, 110, 429—430.Ruck, T. C..' ”Diseases of Laboratory Animals”,pub. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1967, pp.529—567.Wadsworth, P. F., D. A. Budget! & M. L. Forster:Organ weight data in juvenile and adult mar-mosets. Lab. Animals 1981, 15, 385—388. medlemmer.NAVN:ADRESSE:POSTNRJBY:Send ikke checks. 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The red patas monkey (Erythrocebus paras): An analysis of pathological changes and organ/body weight data in laboratory animals in a 12 year period

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The red patas monkey (Erythrocebus paras): An analysis of pathological changes and organ/body weight data in laboratory animals in a 12 year period

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