Participatory processes are relevant to large-scale environmental projects, which require knowledge
sharing, decision making and action from a range of stakeholders including farmers, who are the
focus of this research. A review of participatory models is used to build a conceptual framework
which disaggregates key components of the process: the organisational driver, facilitators’ role and
nature of farmers’ participation. Two English initiatives are analysed using primary and secondary
data: large-scale environmental projects and the Facilitation Fund scheme (government-resourced
farmer groups).
Since 2010, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have dominated the delivery of large-scale
environmental projects. Farmers were generally framed as the subjects of the project interventions
rather than active participants within it.
Facilitation Funds provide an opportunity for farmer group creation, but are related to England’s
current AES, over which groups have no control. The affiliation of the facilitator (organisationemployed or independent farm advisor) has an impact on farmers’ participation which may be
related to group size. There was a spectrum of farmer participation: 17% of members did not attend
any events and 57% attended less than a quarter of events. Generally, farmers were not motivated
to join the group by environmental aims. Most did not change their farming practice as a result of
group membership because of practical barriers, such as the cost of new equipment.
A revised conceptual framework is proposed for future research into farmer participation with a
focus on ensuring transparency within project initiation and resourcing, and an emphasis on
individuals within the process. Further research is suggested to investigate the proposed link
between participation in pro-environmental action and the influence of farmers’ agency and socioeconomic position. Lastly this research reinforces the importance of collaborative action within
large-scale environmental projects, and, related to this, codesign of AES
