We discuss a fundamental question regarding the Abraham-Minkowski debate
about the momentum of light in a medium: If an atom in a gas absorbs a photon,
what is the momentum transferred to it? We consider a classical model for the
internal degrees of freedom of the absorbing atom, computing the absorbed
energy and momentum using the Lorentz force law due to the microscopic
electromagnetic fields. Each non-absorbing atom from the gas is treated as a
dielectric sphere, with the set of atoms forming a linear, dielectric,
non-magnetic, and non-absorbing medium with a refractive index n close to
one. Our numerical results indicate that if the atoms are classically
localized, the average absorbed momentum increases with n, but is smaller
than Minkowski's momentum np0, p0 being the photon momentum in vacuum.
However, experiments performed with Bose-Einstein condensates [Phys. Rev. Lett.
94, 170403 (2005)] are consistent with the atom absorbing
Minkowski's momentum. We argue that there is no contradiction between these
results since, in a Bose-Einstein condensate, the atoms are in a quantum state
spatially superposed in a relatively large volume, forming a ``continuous''
medium. In this sense, the experimental verification of an atomic momentum
recoil compatible with Minkowski's momentum would be a quantum signature of the
medium state