A Theory of Complex Adaptive Learning Based on an Intelligent Trading Probability Wave Equation

Abstract

Complex adaptive learning is intelligent and crucial in living and inanimate complex systems. A complex system comprises many interacting individuals or units, shows hidden patterns as they interact, and widely occurs in almost every traditional discipline, from natural to social sciences. A recent study has demonstrated a so-called architected material capable of learning. It stimulates scientists to explore the mechanism of complex systems formulation. However, it is very challenging. Here the authors attempt to extract a universal rule or a law of complex adaptive learning subject to local dynamic equilibrium in complex systems from a trading volume-price probability wave equation and apply it to complex quantum systems as its application. It proves particles capable of intelligence-like properties in interactive coherence if the momentum force exerted on the complex quantum systems is non-localized. It is the cumulative probability of the moving particles observed in a time interval. Thus, it assumes that particles in complex quantum systems have a complex adaptive learning- or intelligence-like property in a reinforced coordinate, governed by the exact complex adaptive learning mechanism as that of traders in the complexity of the financial markets. With this assumption, the authors propose an innovative interpretation of entanglement in quantum mechanics. It concludes that quantum entanglement is not a state of the superposition of coherent states as the mainstream Copenhagen school of thought maintains. It is a coherent state in the interaction between two opposite, complementary, and variable forces. The authors look forward to the experimental results to examine its validity and further improve the theory until it is perfect, suggesting industrial production of entanglement resources in new technical routes availableComment: 22 pages in total (double spaces and including a title page and a popular summary), 2 figures, and 20 reference