In the not too distant past, polymer scientists and technologists expanded their horizons from consum-er products to the high technology arena, particularly notable in opto - electronic applications. Ethylene Vinyl Acetates (EVA) are popular because of their superior adhesion to most substrates as well as their ease of formulation. Its High transparency is a key attribute for photovoltaic cell encapsulation. It is ex-pected that with the addition of ZnSe nano fillers, EVA becomes a high refractive index polymer (HRIP) with refractive index 2.5 and posses anti-reflective property. In this work, ZnSe nanoparticles were syn-thesised by solvo-thermal method. Nano – Composite matrices based on polyethylene vinyl acetate / ZnSe were prepared by chemical replacement mechanism. Refractive index of prepared polymer nanocomposites were calculated from dielectric study using Hioki 3532-50 LCR HITESTER at various frequencies and temperatures. The presence of nano filler enhanced the refractive index and it varied with frequency and temperature. UV-Vis-NIR Spectra of the samples enable to determine the bandgap and was found to de-crease with increasing the concentration of nano fillers dispersed in polymer matrix. I-V characteristics of the nanocomposites were plotted at various concentrations of nano fillers and at various temperatures.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3563

Augustine, A.J.

Joseph, G.P.

Madhavan, J.

Mathen, J.J.

Sebastian, J.

In the not too distant past, polymer scientists and technologists expanded their horizons from consum-er products to the high technology arena, particularly notable in opto- electronic applications. Ethylene Vinyl Acetates (EVA) are popular because of their superior adhesion to most substrates as well as their ease of formulation. Its High transparency is a key attribute for photovoltaic cell encapsulation. It is ex-pected that with the addition of ZnSe nano fillers, EVA becomes a high refractive index polymer (HRIP) with refractive index 2.5 and posses anti-reflective property. In this work, ZnSe nanoparticles were syn-thesised by solvo-thermal method. Nano – Composite matrices based on polyethylene vinyl acetate / ZnSe were prepared by chemical replacement mechanism. Refractive index of prepared polymer nanocomposites were calculated from dielectric study using Hioki 3532-50 LCR HITESTER at various frequencies and temperatures. The presence of nano filler enhanced the refractive index and it varied with frequency and temperature. UV-Vis-NIR Spectra of the samples enable to determine the bandgap and was found to de-crease with increasing the concentration of nano fillers dispersed in polymer matrix. I-V characteristics of the nanocomposites were plotted at various concentrations of nano fillers and at various temperatures

J. J. Mathen

A. J. Augustine

J. Sebastian

J. Madhavan

G. P. Joseph

CiteSeerX

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyethylene Vinyl Acetate / ZnSe Nanocomposite

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE  
NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 
Vol. 2 No 3, 03NCNN49(3pp) (2013) 
 
 
2304-1862/2013/2(3)03NCNN49(3) 03NCNN49-1  2013 Sumy State University 
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyethylene Vinyl Acetate / ZnSe Nanocomposite 
 
J.J. Mathen1, A.J. Augustine1, J. Sebastian2, J. Madhavan3, G.P. Joseph1 
 
1 Materials Science Research Division, Department of Physics, St.Thomas College Pala -686574, Kerala, India 
2 Department of Polymer Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi University College of Engineering Thodupuzha - 685587,  
Kerala, India 
3 Department of Physics, Loyola College Chennai – 600034, Tamilnadu, India 
 
(Received 30 June 2013; published online 01 September 2013) 
 
In the not too distant past, polymer scientists and technologists expanded their horizons from consum-
er products to the high technology arena, particularly notable in opto - electronic applications. Ethylene 
Vinyl Acetates (EVA) are popular because of their superior adhesion to most substrates as well as their 
ease of formulation. Its High transparency is a key attribute for photovoltaic cell encapsulation. It is ex-
pected that with the addition of ZnSe nano fillers, EVA becomes a high refractive index polymer (HRIP) 
with refractive index 2.5 and posses anti-reflective property. In this work, ZnSe nanoparticles were syn-
thesised by solvo-thermal method. Nano – Composite matrices based on polyethylene vinyl acetate / ZnSe 
were prepared by chemical replacement mechanism. Refractive index of prepared polymer nanocomposites 
were calculated from dielectric study using Hioki 3532-50 LCR HITESTER at various frequencies and 
temperatures. The presence of nano filler enhanced the refractive index and it varied with frequency and 
temperature. UV-Vis-NIR Spectra of the samples enable to determine the bandgap and was found to de-
crease with increasing the concentration of nano fillers dispersed in polymer matrix. I-V characteristics of 
the nanocomposites were plotted at various concentrations of nano fillers and at various temperatures. 
 
Keywords: EVA / ZnSe nanocomposite, XRD, UV-Vis-NIR spectra, Refractive index, I – V characteristics. 
 
 PACS number: 82.35.Np 
 
 
1. INTRODUCTION 
 
Studies on nanoparticles dispersed in polymer ma-
trix is intriguing, because these materials provide tre-
mendous options for combining characteristics stem-
ming from both the nanometric inorganic components 
and the polymers[1-2]. The presence of nanoparticles in 
polymer improves the mechanical, electrical and optical 
properties of the material and it is possible to control 
these properties, including the refractive index, by con-
centration of the particles [1,6]. Most organic polymers 
show a limited refractive index, in the range 1.35 – 1.5. 
For optical applications, polymers with higher refrac-
tive index are required [1].  In the last years, High re-
fractive index(  1.65) polymer nanocomposites are tar-
geted for optical applications, including planar wave-
guide devices, micro-optical elements and anti reflec-
tion coatings for solar cell materials[2-5, 9, 10]. 
Good flexibility, high transparency, chemical re-
sistance, non-toxicity and environmental stability 
make polyethylene vinyl acetate[11,12] as one of the 
best polymers in optical as well as electrical studies.  
The choice of nanoparticles are influenced strictly in 
size and surface characteristics because dopants carry 
a major role in HRIP nanocomposites by limiting the 
optical loss, Rayleigh scattering and to increase trans-
parency [7]. The ZnSe inorganic fillers with nanoscale 
exhibit high surface to volume ratio and thus expected 
to modify drastically the electrical, optical [8] and 
thermal properties of polymer. Hence, EVA / ZnSe 
nanocomposite  is a potential candidate for photovoltaic 
applications. 
 
 
 
 
2. EXPERIMENTAL 
 
2.1 Synthesis of ZnSe nanoparticles  
To prepare ZnSe nanoparticles, materials used are 
zinc acetate ((CH₃COO)₂Zn. 2H₂O) and sodium selenite 
(Na₂SeO₃) as the source of Zn and Se ion with prefera-
ble ratio 2 : 1 respectively. The solutions of 0.2 molar 
zinc acetate and 0.1 molar sodium selenite were pre-
pared in 100 ml water and 30ml hydrazine hydrate 
mixed up at 50 C under vigourous stirring to allow 
ZnSe growth. These solutions were transferred into 
teflon lined sealed stainless steel autoclave and heated 
at 2400 C for 5 hrs in a muffle furnace. To remove any 
kind of unreacted chemicals and impurities it was 
washed in water several times and annealed at 1000 C. 
In essence, stringent symmetry of nano particles can be 
controlled by chemical of interest concentra-
tion,reaction temperature and kinetic control. 
 
2.2 Synthesis of EVA / ZnSe nanocomposite 
 
For the preparation of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate / 
ZnSe nanocomposite, the copolymer was obtained from 
copolymerisation of Ethylene and Vinyl Acetate and it 
was procured from DUPONT. Then it was dissolved in 
toluene and heated at 120oC. The next step carried out 
was the dispersion of ZnSe nanoparticles in EVA – Tol-
uene mixture with varing concentrations. The dopants 
at the required ratio of 2% and 4% by weight of EVA 
were taken. For the  proper and uniform dispersion, 
Magnetic stirrer and Ultrasonicator were used. The 
bond breaking  was done by gradual stirring of magnet-
ic stirrer and ultrasonicator allowed the uniform dis-
persion of  ZnSe nanoparticles homogeneously 
throughout the matrix. Finally, the nano filled EVA 
was then transfered to a teflon coated glass mould and 
 J.J. MATHEN, A.J. AUGUSTINE, J. SEBASTIAN, ET AL. PROC. NAP 2, 03NCNN49 (2013) 
 
 
03NCNN49-2 
spread with uniform thickness. The solvent was evapo-
rated by keeping in an air oven with a temperature of 
100 C for one whole day to get a EVA / ZnSe nanocom-
posites of micrometer thickness. 
 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
3.1 UV-Vis-NIR Absorption Spectra 
 
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2  shows the UV-Vis-NIR spectra of  
EVA / 2 ZnSe and  EVA / 4 ZnSe. The band gap of 
nanocomposites can be calculated using Tauc relation 
 
 
2/n
h K h Eg  (3.1) 
 
where K is a constant, Eg is the optical band gap 
and n is a constant  1 for direct bandgap semiconduc-
tors. The plots of ( h )2 vs. h  for EVA / 2 ZnSe and 
EVA/ 4 ZnSe are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Extrapo-
lating the straight line of these plots for zero absorp-
tion co-efficients provide the direct bandgap of nano-
composites. From the Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, it is clear that 
the band gap reduces from 4.67 eV to 4.21 eV as the 
percentage of ZnSe dispersed in the nanocomposites 
increases from 2  to 4 . 
 
 
 
Fig. 1 – UV-Vis-NIR Spectra of EVA / 2  ZnSe nanocomposite 
 
 
 
Fig. 2 – UV-Vis-NIR Spectra of EVA / 4  ZnSe nanocomposite 
 
 
 
Fig. 3 – Tauc plot of EVA / 2  ZnSe nanocomposite 
 
 
Fig. 4 – Tauc plot of EVA / 4 ZnSe nanocomposite 
 
3.2 Refractive Index Study 
 
Refractive index of polymer nanocomposites were 
calculated from dielectric study. According to Maxwell's 
Rule 
 
 r rn  (3.2) 
 
where r is the dielectric constant and r is the rela-
tive permibility. It is 1 for non-magnetic materials. The 
dielectric study was carried out by varing frequency 
(100 Hz to 1 MHz) and temperature(303 K to 353 K) 
using HIOKI 3532-50 LCR HITESTER. Fig. 5 shows 
the variation of refractive index with concentration of 
ZnSe nanoparticles dispersed. It is clear that the re-
fractive index of pure EVA is 1.5 at room temperature 
and it increases  to 2.26 as the concentration of ZnSe 
nanoparticles becomes 4  at high microwave region. 
But in the low frequency region, it showed huge de-
pendance in refractive index and could be varied upto 
5.7. Fig. 6 shows the variation of refractive index with 
frequency(100 Hz to 1 MHz) at different tempera-
tures(303 K, 313 K, 333 K and 353 K) for 
EVA / 4 ZnSe nanocomposite. The refractive index is 
found to be almost stable within these ranges of fre-
quencies and temperatures. 
 
 
 
Fig. 5 – The variation of refractive index with frequency for 
different  concentrations of ZnSe nanoparticles dispersed in 
EVA 
 
 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE… PROC. NAP 2, 03NCNN49 (2013) 
 
 
03NCNN49-3 
 
 
Fig. 6 – The variation of refractive index of 4 ZnSe / EVA 
nanocomposite at different temperatures 
 
3.3 I – V CHARACTERISTICS 
 
Fig. 7 shows the I – V plot of nanocomposites at 
room temperature with different concentrations of 
ZnSe nanofillers. The current is found to increase as a 
function of voltage with the increase of concentration of 
fillers. 
Fig. 8 shows the I – V plot of EVA / 4 ZnSe nano-
composite at different temperatures. The current is 
found to decrease with the increase of temperature. 
 
 
 
Fig. 7 – I-V plots of EVA with varing concentrations of ZnSe 
fillers added  
 
 
 
Fig. 8 – I-V plots of EVA doped with 4  of ZnSe nanoparticles 
at different temperatures  
 
4. CONCLUSION 
 
We successfully prepared ZnO nanoparticles by-
solvothermal route and dispersed it in EVA polymer 
with various concentrations. Refractive index of poly-
mer nanocomposites were studied by varying frequency 
and temperature. It was found that the presence of 
nano filler enhanced the refractive index and it varied 
with frequency and temperature. Band gap of the sam-
ples decreased as the amount of nano fillers increased. 
DC conductivity study showed that the prepared nano-
composites possess positive temperature co- efficient of 
resistance. 
 
 
REFERENCES 
 
1. Y. Wang, T. Flaim, R. Mercado, S. Fowler, D. Holmes, 
C. Planje, Proceedings of SPIE 5724, 42 (2005). 
2. J. Yang, X. Zhang, P. Wang, H. Ming, Y. Wu, J. Xie, 
J. Zang, Chin. Opt. Lett. 3, 399 (2005). 
3. R. Boyd, W.J. Korean, Phys. Soc. 43, 603 (2003). 
4. W.C. Cheong, X.C. Yuan, V. Koundriachov, W.X. Yu, 
Opt Express, 10, 58 (2002). 
5. W.S. Kim, K.B. Yoon, B.S. Bae, J. Mater. Chem. 15, 
4535 (2005). 
6. D. Vollath, D.V. Szabo, Adv. Eng. Mater. 6, 117 (2004). 
7. H Althues, J Henle, S Kaskel, Chem. Soc. Rev. 9 No49, 
1454 (2007). 
8. S B Kondawar, Archives of Applied Science Research 2 
No1, 247 (2010). 
9. Z. Pasanovic, V. Gupta, R.K. Bhattacharya, Rheol Acta 
43, 99 (2004). 
10. R. Prasad, Z. Pasanovic, V. Gupta, Polym. Eng. Sci. 44, 
1220 (2004). 
11. G.C. Stael, M. Tavares, Polym. Testing 17, 533 (1998). 
12. D.S. Chaudhary, R. Prasad, R.K. Gupta, 
S.N. Bhattacharya Thermochimica Acta 433, 187 
(2005). 


English

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE  NANOMATERIALS: APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES Vol. 2 No 3, 03NCNN49(3pp) (2013)   2304-1862/2013/2(3)03NCNN49(3) 03NCNN49-1  2013 Sumy State University Synthesis and Characterization of Polyethylene Vinyl Acetate / ZnSe Nanocomposite  J.J. Mathen1, A.J. Augustine1, J. Sebastian2, J. Madhavan3, G.P. Joseph1  1 Materials Science Research Division, Department of Physics, St.Thomas College Pala -686574, Kerala, India 2 Department of Polymer Engineering, Mahatma Gandhi University College of Engineering Thodupuzha - 685587,  Kerala, India 3 Department of Physics, Loyola College Chennai – 600034, Tamilnadu, India  (Received 30 June 2013; published online 01 September 2013)  In the not too distant past, polymer scientists and technologists expanded their horizons from consum-er products to the high technology arena, particularly notable in opto - electronic applications. Ethylene Vinyl Acetates (EVA) are popular because of their superior adhesion to most substrates as well as their ease of formulation. Its High transparency is a key attribute for photovoltaic cell encapsulation. It is ex-pected that with the addition of ZnSe nano fillers, EVA becomes a high refractive index polymer (HRIP) with refractive index 2.5 and posses anti-reflective property. In this work, ZnSe nanoparticles were syn-thesised by solvo-thermal method. Nano – Composite matrices based on polyethylene vinyl acetate / ZnSe were prepared by chemical replacement mechanism. Refractive index of prepared polymer nanocomposites were calculated from dielectric study using Hioki 3532-50 LCR HITESTER at various frequencies and temperatures. The presence of nano filler enhanced the refractive index and it varied with frequency and temperature. UV-Vis-NIR Spectra of the samples enable to determine the bandgap and was found to de-crease with increasing the concentration of nano fillers dispersed in polymer matrix. I-V characteristics of the nanocomposites were plotted at various concentrations of nano fillers and at various temperatures.  Keywords: EVA / ZnSe nanocomposite, XRD, UV-Vis-NIR spectra, Refractive index, I – V characteristics.   PACS number: 82.35.Np   1. INTRODUCTION  Studies on nanoparticles dispersed in polymer ma-trix is intriguing, because these materials provide tre-mendous options for combining characteristics stem-ming from both the nanometric inorganic components and the polymers[1-2]. The presence of nanoparticles in polymer improves the mechanical, electrical and optical properties of the material and it is possible to control these properties, including the refractive index, by con-centration of the particles [1,6]. Most organic polymers show a limited refractive index, in the range 1.35 – 1.5. For optical applications, polymers with higher refrac-tive index are required [1].  In the last years, High re-fractive index(  1.65) polymer nanocomposites are tar-geted for optical applications, including planar wave-guide devices, micro-optical elements and anti reflec-tion coatings for solar cell materials[2-5, 9, 10]. Good flexibility, high transparency, chemical re-sistance, non-toxicity and environmental stability make polyethylene vinyl acetate[11,12] as one of the best polymers in optical as well as electrical studies.  The choice of nanoparticles are influenced strictly in size and surface characteristics because dopants carry a major role in HRIP nanocomposites by limiting the optical loss, Rayleigh scattering and to increase trans-parency [7]. The ZnSe inorganic fillers with nanoscale exhibit high surface to volume ratio and thus expected to modify drastically the electrical, optical [8] and thermal properties of polymer. Hence, EVA / ZnSe nanocomposite  is a potential candidate for photovoltaic applications.     2. EXPERIMENTAL  2.1 Synthesis of ZnSe nanoparticles  To prepare ZnSe nanoparticles, materials used are zinc acetate ((CH₃COO)₂Zn. 2H₂O) and sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) as the source of Zn and Se ion with prefera-ble ratio 2 : 1 respectively. The solutions of 0.2 molar zinc acetate and 0.1 molar sodium selenite were pre-pared in 100 ml water and 30ml hydrazine hydrate mixed up at 50 C under vigourous stirring to allow ZnSe growth. These solutions were transferred into teflon lined sealed stainless steel autoclave and heated at 2400 C for 5 hrs in a muffle furnace. To remove any kind of unreacted chemicals and impurities it was washed in water several times and annealed at 1000 C. In essence, stringent symmetry of nano particles can be controlled by chemical of interest concentra-tion,reaction temperature and kinetic control.  2.2 Synthesis of EVA / ZnSe nanocomposite  For the preparation of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate / ZnSe nanocomposite, the copolymer was obtained from copolymerisation of Ethylene and Vinyl Acetate and it was procured from DUPONT. Then it was dissolved in toluene and heated at 120oC. The next step carried out was the dispersion of ZnSe nanoparticles in EVA – Tol-uene mixture with varing concentrations. The dopants at the required ratio of 2% and 4% by weight of EVA were taken. For the  proper and uniform dispersion, Magnetic stirrer and Ultrasonicator were used. The bond breaking  was done by gradual stirring of magnet-ic stirrer and ultrasonicator allowed the uniform dis-persion of  ZnSe nanoparticles homogeneously throughout the matrix. Finally, the nano filled EVA was then transfered to a teflon coated glass mould and  J.J. MATHEN, A.J. AUGUSTINE, J. SEBASTIAN, ET AL. PROC. NAP 2, 03NCNN49 (2013)   03NCNN49-2 spread with uniform thickness. The solvent was evapo-rated by keeping in an air oven with a temperature of 100 C for one whole day to get a EVA / ZnSe nanocom-posites of micrometer thickness.  3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  3.1 UV-Vis-NIR Absorption Spectra  Fig. 1 and Fig. 2  shows the UV-Vis-NIR spectra of  EVA / 2 ZnSe and  EVA / 4 ZnSe. The band gap of nanocomposites can be calculated using Tauc relation   2/nh K h Eg  (3.1)  where K is a constant, Eg is the optical band gap and n is a constant  1 for direct bandgap semiconduc-tors. The plots of ( h )2 vs. h  for EVA / 2 ZnSe and EVA/ 4 ZnSe are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Extrapo-lating the straight line of these plots for zero absorp-tion co-efficients provide the direct bandgap of nano-composites. From the Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, it is clear that the band gap reduces from 4.67 eV to 4.21 eV as the percentage of ZnSe dispersed in the nanocomposites increases from 2  to 4 .    Fig. 1 – UV-Vis-NIR Spectra of EVA / 2  ZnSe nanocomposite    Fig. 2 – UV-Vis-NIR Spectra of EVA / 4  ZnSe nanocomposite    Fig. 3 – Tauc plot of EVA / 2  ZnSe nanocomposite   Fig. 4 – Tauc plot of EVA / 4 ZnSe nanocomposite  3.2 Refractive Index Study  Refractive index of polymer nanocomposites were calculated from dielectric study. According to Maxwell's Rule   r rn  (3.2)  where r is the dielectric constant and r is the rela-tive permibility. It is 1 for non-magnetic materials. The dielectric study was carried out by varing frequency (100 Hz to 1 MHz) and temperature(303 K to 353 K) using HIOKI 3532-50 LCR HITESTER. Fig. 5 shows the variation of refractive index with concentration of ZnSe nanoparticles dispersed. It is clear that the re-fractive index of pure EVA is 1.5 at room temperature and it increases  to 2.26 as the concentration of ZnSe nanoparticles becomes 4  at high microwave region. But in the low frequency region, it showed huge de-pendance in refractive index and could be varied upto 5.7. Fig. 6 shows the variation of refractive index with frequency(100 Hz to 1 MHz) at different tempera-tures(303 K, 313 K, 333 K and 353 K) for EVA / 4 ZnSe nanocomposite. The refractive index is found to be almost stable within these ranges of fre-quencies and temperatures.    Fig. 5 – The variation of refractive index with frequency for different  concentrations of ZnSe nanoparticles dispersed in EVA   SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE… PROC. NAP 2, 03NCNN49 (2013)   03NCNN49-3   Fig. 6 – The variation of refractive index of 4 ZnSe / EVA nanocomposite at different temperatures  3.3 I – V CHARACTERISTICS  Fig. 7 shows the I – V plot of nanocomposites at room temperature with different concentrations of ZnSe nanofillers. The current is found to increase as a function of voltage with the increase of concentration of fillers. Fig. 8 shows the I – V plot of EVA / 4 ZnSe nano-composite at different temperatures. The current is found to decrease with the increase of temperature.    Fig. 7 – I-V plots of EVA with varing concentrations of ZnSe fillers added     Fig. 8 – I-V plots of EVA doped with 4  of ZnSe nanoparticles at different temperatures   4. CONCLUSION  We successfully prepared ZnO nanoparticles by-solvothermal route and dispersed it in EVA polymer with various concentrations. Refractive index of poly-mer nanocomposites were studied by varying frequency and temperature. It was found that the presence of nano filler enhanced the refractive index and it varied with frequency and temperature. Band gap of the sam-ples decreased as the amount of nano fillers increased. DC conductivity study showed that the prepared nano-composites possess positive temperature co- efficient of resistance.   REFERENCES  1. Y. Wang, T. Flaim, R. Mercado, S. Fowler, D. Holmes, C. Planje, Proceedings of SPIE 5724, 42 (2005). 2. J. Yang, X. Zhang, P. Wang, H. Ming, Y. Wu, J. Xie, J. Zang, Chin. Opt. Lett. 3, 399 (2005). 3. R. Boyd, W.J. Korean, Phys. Soc. 43, 603 (2003). 4. W.C. Cheong, X.C. Yuan, V. Koundriachov, W.X. Yu, Opt Express, 10, 58 (2002). 5. W.S. Kim, K.B. Yoon, B.S. Bae, J. Mater. Chem. 15, 4535 (2005). 6. D. Vollath, D.V. Szabo, Adv. Eng. Mater. 6, 117 (2004). 7. H Althues, J Henle, S Kaskel, Chem. Soc. Rev. 9 No49, 1454 (2007). 8. S B Kondawar, Archives of Applied Science Research 2 No1, 247 (2010). 9. Z. Pasanovic, V. Gupta, R.K. Bhattacharya, Rheol Acta 43, 99 (2004). 10. R. Prasad, Z. Pasanovic, V. Gupta, Polym. Eng. Sci. 44, 1220 (2004). 11. G.C. Stael, M. Tavares, Polym. Testing 17, 533 (1998). 12. D.S. Chaudhary, R. Prasad, R.K. Gupta, S.N. Bhattacharya Thermochimica Acta 433, 187 (2005). 

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Synthesis and Characterization of Polyethylene Vinyl Acetate / ZnSe Nanocomposite

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