Gender differences in physical activity and fitness—association with self-reported health and health-relevant attitudes in a middle-aged Swiss urban population
In Switzerland lack of exercise is common. To improve physical exercise in both women and men, campaigns should consider the motivation for physical activity with respect to gender. This study explores the patterns of self-reported sport activity, habitual physical activity and physical fitness, and associated indicators of self-reported health, health-relevant attitudes, and resources in an urban Swiss population. Using the Bern Lifestyle Panel questionnaire, 511 women and 413 men, aged 55-65years, in the German-speaking capital of Switzerland were assessed. From the three surveys carried out from 1996 to 1998, this study used the data from the 1997 survey for a cross-sectional analysis. Women demonstrated a lower prevalence of sport activity than men but a higher prevalence of habitual physical activity. Forty-six percent of the women but 80% of the men reported a high level of fitness. In the logistic regression analysis, sport activity in the women was significantly associated with indicators of health, health-relevant attitudes such as internal and external health locus of control, and social class. Among the men, no association with health-relevant orientation could be found. The probability of habitual physical activity among the women was associated with perceived good health, health-relevant orientation and social class, while related factors among the men were indicators of health. In both women and men, perceived good health was strongly associated with self-reported physical fitness. Additionally, women's fitness was related to perceived disease-related limitation and indicators of health status. The findings indicate a gender-specific distribution of sport activity, habitual physical activity and fitness. Compared to men, physical activity in women is associated more with health-relevant orientation. Along with indicators of health, attention should be paid to both female and male perception of health and self-reported attitudes when there is an attempt to improve physical activity. Since self-reported health status, disease-related limitations, and habitual physical activity, among others, are strongly affected by sociocultural and structural influences, caution should be kept in drawing general conclusions from the finding
