Friedli, C.

Geering, J. J.

Lerch, P.

RERO DOC Digital Library

Radiochimica Acta 52/53, 237 - 240 (1991) © R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München 1991 - 0033-8230/91 $3.00+0.00 Some Aspects of the Behaviour of 90Sr in the Environment By C. Friedli, J. J. Geering and P. Lerch Institut d'Electrochimie et de Radiochimie, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (Received November 6, 1989; revised February 5, 1990) 90Sr / Soil I Grass / Milk / Apparent half-lives / Transfer factors Summary By determining 90Sr apparent half-lives in soil, grass and milk over several years, it was shown that the concentration of Chernobyl 90Sr has rapidly decreased in these samples. Mi-gration in the soil sublayers is certainly the major cause of this disappearance, as shown by profiles. But grass is also involved in this soil decontamination; indeed, the 9 0Sr/Ca ratio is about 4 times higher in grass than in the corresponding soil. An esti-mation of the 90Sr migration rate is given and an explanation of the phenomenon is discussed. Introduction The deposition of 90Sr on land and the transfer to humans by ingestion is the most important pathway for human exposure [1], Following the nuclear tests in the atmosphere, the survey of 90Sr contamination in environmental samples was undertaken. Since 1976, samples of soil, grass and milk have been regularly collected in 4 locations in Switzerland. After the Chernobyl accident, which brought sufficient radioac-tivity to Switzerland to be measured, 89Sr and 90Sr were determined in a large range of environmental and food chain samples. Curiously, this Chernobyl 90Sr has vanished rapidly from the upper part of the soil, indicating that its chemical form was different from the one deposited during the sixties. The aim of this work is to try to explain the behaviour of this 90Sr in the environment by analyzing the concentration of 90Sr versus time, its profile in soil and its transfer from soil to grass and from grass to milk. Experimental As 90Sr and its daughter 9 0Y are practically pure ß~ emitting radionuclides [2], their measurement must be carried out with thin sources after a radiochemical separation, particularly when dealing with environ-mental samples. Furthermore, if the samples are con-taminated by other fission or activation products, this chemical separation has to be specific for strontium and yttrium. S a m p l e s Samples of soil (0 — 5 cm), grass and milk have been collected twice a year (spring and fall) from 4 locations in Switzerland. The milk was taken from cows grazing near the land where soil and grass samples were col-lected. This allowed the determination of transfer factors. After the Chernobyl accident, soil samples have been collected in southern Switzerland and 90Sr pro-files were determined on 2 cm slices (0 — 10 cm). C h e m i c a l s e p a r a t i o n Details of the separation technique used for de-termining the 90Sr in environmental samples have been described in an earlier paper [3]. Prior to calcination (12 h, 600 °C), soil and grass samples were air-dried, milk samples were freeze-dried. 5 g of ashes were used in the separation process. In the case of milk, the ashes were directly dissolved in HCl together with a strontium carrier. For soil and grass ashes, an alkaline fusion was necessary to dissolve the sample com-pletely; the carrier and the alkaline earth were precipi-tated in the carbonate form and dissolved in HCl. The separation of strontium was achieved on two ion exchange columns (Dowex 50) using first a diamino-cyclohexane tetraacetic acid (DCTA) solution and then a sodium citrate solution as eluant. This latter solution was kept standing for about 10 days to let9 0Y grow. After adding an yttrium carrier, it was separated from strontium on another ion exchange column (Dowex 50) using a sodium malonate solution as eluant. Finally, yttrium oxalate was precipitated and a thin source was prepared by centrifugation on a special device. Both strontium and yttrium separation yields were determined using atomic absorption and complexometric titration respectively. Ac t iv i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s To determine 90Sr, the 90Y activity was measured. The higher ß~ energy (2.3 MeV) led to a better counting efficiency and the short half-life (64.5 h) of 9 0Y [2] allowed a radionuclidic purity control. To ensure a low background, the source activity was measured in anticoincidence with a plastic scintillation counter [4] surrounding the gas flow (helium-isobutane) GM counter equipped with a very thin mylar window (0.9 mg · cm - 2 ) . Furthermore, the whole counting de-vice was protected by a shielding made of steel, paraffin and a large layer of lead. In these conditions, the background was found to be 0.2 cpm. The source 238 C. Friedli, J. J. Geering and P. Lerch Fig. 1. Typical evolution of 90Sr concentration in soil, grass and milk as a function of time. was measured typically for 100 hours and intermediate results were automatically taken in by a minicomputer every 6 hours to allow the 90Y purity control. In these conditions, determination limits as low as 0.03 Bq · kg" 1 can be achieved [5]. Results and discussion 9 0 S r c o n c e n t r a t i o n in soil , grass and milk Since 1976, samples of soil, grass and milk have been analyzed twice a year in four locations: Grangeneuve and Mühleberg in the western part of Switzerland, Leibstadt and Gösgen in the northern part. At the beginning of the survey, the 90Sr concentration was found to be in the 10 Bq · k g - 1 range for soil and grass and 10"1 Bq · 1~1 range for milk [6]. These con-centrations continuously decreased in all types of samples with an average apparent half-life signifi-cantly different from the physical half-life (28.5 y). Figure 1 shows the results and the typical decay curves obtained for the three kinds of samples. For grass, the results are a little more scattered than those of soil and milk, but the linearity test remains valid, as for all the other curves. Table 1 gives the apparent half-lives measured at the four locations; the physical half-life was not taken into account. A statistical test demonstrated that all Table 1. Apparent half-lives Location Soil Grass Milk Grangeneuve 12.3 + 3.6 11.6 + 3.9 14.8 + 2.3 Mühleberg 9.0+1.3 7.6 + 1.3 14.5 + 2.6 Gösgen 7.8 + 0.9 6.7± 1.1 10.i + 2.7 Leibstadt 8.9+1.5 13.3 + 8.9 12.5 + 2.5 the curves for a given kind of samples are parallel, allowing thus the calculation of an average apparent half-life. Furthermore, this test showed that the appar-ent half-lives measured for soil and grass are equal with an average value of about 9 years. In the case of milk, the average apparent half-life seems to be a little higher (13 years) than this latter value. The analysis of grass and milk in 1986 showed an increase of the 90Sr content in these samples [7]. But during the following years, the values do not show a recollection of this event. The Chernobyl 90Sr seems to have vanished completely from the soil, grass and milk. How and why are the two questions. 9 0 S r p rof i l es in soil To vanish from the soil, 90Sr could follow two path-ways: rapid underground migration or uptake from the soil by plants, for example. To study these two possibilities, soil samples were taken by slices of 2 cm in the southern part of Switzerland (Genestrerio) which was the area most exposed to the Chernobyl contaminated rain. The location of the sampling was chosen close to a soccer field at the bottom of a flat valley. In contrast to the samples analyzed before, the soil was quite sandy but there was still grass growing on it. Only a few days after the accident, the first set of samples was collected. 90Sr concentration was found in the 30 Bq · kg" 1 range in the first 2 cm layer. One month later, this concentration had decreased to about 20 Bq · k g - 1 and two months later the value was still lower. Two more samplings were taken one and two years later, respectively. As the sampling spot was not disturbed, except for mowing, the results are easily comparable. Figure 2 shows the evolution of the 90Sr profiles. As the total activity of one set of samples (all layers together) can change a little from one sampling to the other, the results are presented as fractions. The error on a single fraction does not exceed 0.02. For the first set (21.05.86), only one layer was taken due to the emergency situation at that time. However, as the 90Sr concentration in the second and third layers of the second sampling (18.06.86) were still very low, the same values were attributed to the first sample. For the lower layer (6 — 10 cm), the 90Sr concentration did not change from 1986 to 1988; an average value was thus taken for all the samples. As shown on Figure 2, the 90Sr migrated quite rapidly from the surface to the second and third layers. Some Aspects of the Behaviour of 90Sr in the Environment 239 Activity distribution 21.05.86 18.06.86 31.07.86 19.08.87 10 0.72 0.64 0.38 • ' I 0.45 0.46 ' ι I 0.07 0.09 035 0.28 0.30 i 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.17 ; 0.13 0.17 0.13 0.10 _ 0.24 Fig. 2. Profiles of 90Sr activity in a soil from southern Switzerland. Table 2. Transfer factors normalized to the calcium content of the samples Locations Soil-Grass Grass-Milk Grangeneuve 2.3 + 1.9 0.12+0.05 Mühleberg 3.0 ±1.6 0.14±0.05 Gösgen 4.0+2.5 0.26 ±0.05 Leibstadt 5.0+2.3 0.21+0.05 Average 3.6 + 0.6 0.22 ±0.06 calcium content of the samples. The transfer factors were thus defined as the ratio of the 90Sr activity corresponding to 1 g of calcium: (90Sractivity · g _ 1 Ca)gra9S TF, soil-grass ' and TF, (90Sractivity · g~1 Ca)soü (90Sractivity · g _ 1 Ca)milk grass-milk . g - 1 Q ^ ' Table 2 shows the average results for each location and the average of all individual values. In the case of 90Sr transfer from soil to grass, it is obvious that the scatter of individual results is large. This is probably due to the dispersion of the calcium content in soil. The average soil-grass transfer factor shows, however, a significant uptake of 90Sr by plants. This fact could again explain partially the vanishing of 90Sr from the soil. For the transfer factors of 90Sr from grass to milk, the standard deviations are significantly lower, prob-ably because the calcium content both in grass and milk are more steady than in the soil. The average grass to milk transfer factor shows that cows play the role of a decontamination step in the food chain. Part of the 90Sr intake gets certainly its way to the cow's skeleton but this was not investigated. As for humans [8], 90Sr is probably preferentially excreted in urines and in feces. A rough estimation of the migration rate leads to 5 • 10"3 Bq · k g - 1 · cm" 1 • h " 1 in the first 100 days after the accident. After one year, the profile shows a small increase of the 90Sr concentration in the first layer, probably due to the soil biologic activity. In the second layer, the 90Sr concentration has slightly decreased while increasing in the third layer, as expected. The mi-gration rate from the second to the third layer is esti-mated to be about 2 · 10~4 Bq · kg" 1 • c m - 1 · h" 1 . Finally, after two years, the situation has stabilized in the three first layers while the 90Sr distribution shows a relative increase in the last layer. These latter results are, however, difficult to compare with the previous ones because the layers' thickness was differ-ent. This study confirms the previous observations given by the apparent decay curves. Indeed, the Chernobyl 90Sr migrated faster than that deposited during the sixties by the nuclear tests fallouts. 9 0 S r t r a n s f e r To test the second way of disappearance of 90Sr from the soil surface, soil-grass and grass-milk transfer factors were determined in the same 4 locations inves-tigated during several years. To make the results easily comparable, the 90Sr activity was normalized to the Conclusion This study has shown clearly that in the few months following the Chernobyl accident, the freshly de-posited 90Sr has migrated underground faster than that from the bombs fallout, already in the soil. One explanation of this behaviour could be linked to the chemical reactivity of the 90Sr: the temperature at the spot of a nuclear explosion is of course much higher than that in the case of the Chernobyl accident. The sorption kinetics of 90Sr on the soil material could lead to a further explanation. Indeed, immedi-ately after deposition, 90Sr could behave quite differ-ently than 10 years after the soil contamination. In the case of Chernobyl, the samples were collected right away whereas the first analyses (1975) were under-taken several years after the bomb tests. Further laboratory investigations are under way to try to better understand the phenomena. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health for providing samples and financial support. Literature 1. Strontium-90. In: Ionizing Radiation: Sources and Biological Effects, United Nations Publication (Sales No E.82.IX.8), New York 1982, p. 216. 240 C. Friedli, J. J. Geering and P. Lerch 2. Lederer, C. M., Shirley, V. S.: Table of Isotopes, 7th ed., J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1978, p. 349 + 352. 3. Geering, J. J., Friedli, C., Hoffmann, B., Lerch, P.: Methodes de dosage de 89Sr et 90Sr dans l'environnement. In: Radio-aktivitätsmessungen in der Schweiz nach Tschernobyl und ihre Wissenschaftliche Interpretation, (OFSP ed.), Berne 1986, p. 518. 4. Lerch, P., Bercier, P.: Nouvelle installation de comptage ä bas niveau pour la mesure du Sr-90 dans les os humains. Chimia 18, 16 (1964). 5. Currie, L. A.: Limits for Qualitative Detection and Quantitat-ive Determination, Application to Radiochemistry. Anal. Chem. 40, 586 (1968). 6. Radioactivite en Suisse, 25 ans de surveillance (CFSR, ed.), Fribourg 1982, p. 15. 7. Friedli, C., Geering, J. J., Lerch, P.: Strontium-90 Measure-ments in Switzerland. Impact des accidents d'origine nucleaire sur l'environnement, IVe Symposium International de Radioecologie de Cadarache, 1988, p. F114-F121. 8. Spencer, H., Kramer, L., Michaud, M., Sontag, S. J.: Metab-olism of Radioactive and Stable Strontium in Man. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health, CONF-860626, Columbia 1986, p. 3. 

Some Aspects of the Behaviour of 90Sr in the Environment

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

RERO DOC Digital Library