Alliaudi, Carla

Biasucci, Giacomo

Blau, Nenad

Cerone, Roberto

de Sanctis, Luisa

Dianzani, Irma

Ponzone, Alberto

Spada, Marco

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 Sanctis et at.: Mutations m DHPR deficiency Pteridines Vol. 7, 1996, pp. 103 - 106 Mutations and Phenotypes In Dihydropteridine Reductase Deficiency in Italy Luisa de Sanctis I, Carla Alliaudi I, l\.hrco Spada I, Roberto Cerone2 , Giacomo Biasucci3 , Nenad Blau 4 , Alberto Ponzone l ,,, Irma Dianzanil. 6§ IDipartmento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell 'Adolescenza, Universid degli Studi di Torino, Italy 21 Clinica Pediatrica dell'Universita di Genova, Istituto Gaslini, Genova, Italy 3Clinica Pediatrica V, Ospedale S. Paolo, Milano, Italy 4Division of Clinical Chemistry, University Children 's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland "Pacold di Magistero, Universid di Messina, Messina, Italy hDipartimento di Genetica, Universid di Torino, Italy Received July 15, 1996) Introduction Dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR: E.C. 1.6.99.7) is an essential enzyme in the hydroxylating system of the aromatic amino acids and catalyses the re-generation of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the na-tural cofactor of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryp-tophan hydroxylases. DHPR deficiency has been the first defect des-..:ribed (1) and represents the second most com-mon defect among BH4 deficiencies, covering a-bout one third of all forms (2). The cDNA encoding DHPR has been cloned in 1987 (3,4) and is about 1.2 Kb long. The gene :1as been assigned to the short arm of chromosome -l-, in the region 15.3. It encodes fc)r a protein of 244 amino acid, active as a homodimer. So far, sixteen mutations have been described: ~()Urteen mutations are uniformly scattered throughout the coding region (5-9); two further mutations have been identified in the donor splice sites of introns 3 and 4, respectively (8). The ma-jority of mutations are missense mutations, with only two resulting in premature termination of the peptide chain. A single insertion of one amino acid (5) and a frameshift due to one base deletion, which also aftects splicing (9) , have also been des-cribcd. Most mutations have been found in single § Author to whom correspondence should he 'lddressed . chromosomes. Only three of them have been identified more than oncc. IVS 4ntl has been found in two patients from United States (8, Di-anzani I et aI., manuscript in preparation). The others, G23D and H158Y, have been identified in Italian patients (6,7). We report here the distribution of the DHPR mutations in the Italian population. Moreover, since DHPR deficiency is a heterogeneous disease at clinical level, we . attempted to evaluate genotype/ phenotype correlation in a subset of completely characterized patients. Materials and Methods Patients Nine unrelated Italian patients with DHPR de· ficiency were included in this study. ~\'loreo\'er, we considered a patient from Malta, ",hose clin-ical status and genotype were reported in previous studies (10,6). Hyperphenylalaninemia was detected at neo· natal mass screening or later and a definite di-agnosis of DHPR deficiency \\"as obtained lw measurement of urinar; pterins and enzyme ac-tivity on dried blood spot. Phenot\pc dc{crminariml In the .lttempt to distll1gl1ish the ditkrent pheno-Ptcridine, \ '01. 7 :--';0. 3 104 types, some clinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated, when available: pretreatment blood phenylalanine concentration, neurotransmitter meta-bolites concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), CSF pterin levels, urinary pterin excretion, response to oral BH4 loading test (7.5 or 20 mg/kg body weight BH4), response to the combined phenylalan-ine (100 mg/ kg body weight) and BH4 (20 mg/ kg body weight) oral loading (11), DHPR activity in erythrocytes and/or in fibroblasts, response to treatment (12). DNA analysis Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes, using the phenol-chloroform method. G23D and H158Y mutations were searched for in all patients . PCR amplifications of genomic DNA were performed by using ap-propriate primers. In particular, to detect G23D PCR was performed with primers 5'-CCAG-TTGCGGGCCCGAAAAG-3' and 5' -GCGTGG-ATCCGCGGCGGCTGCA-3'. The amplified pro-duct was then incubated at 37°C with the specific endonuclease Hinf I. When a G- > A change oc-curs at codon 23, a Hinf I restriction site is creat-ed in the 106 bp amplified product, yielding two fragments of 68 and 38 bp. To detect H158Y, a PCR was performed with primers 5'-AGTGG-TCACTGAGCCATCT-3' and 5'-ACGGGAAC-CCCAAGCACTT -3' . The amplified product was then incubated at 3TC with the specific en-donuclease Hph I. When a C- > T change occurs at codon 158, a Hph I restriction site is abolished in the 166 bp amplified product, yielding a frag-ment of 166 bp, instead of two fragments of 104 and 62 bp. Results Molecular characterization The molecular characterization of four patients was reported previously (6,7): two patients were Sanctis et at.: Mutations in DHPR deficiency homozygous for G23D, one was homozygous for H158Y and the last patient was a compound het-erozygous for G23D and a new identified mu-tation, YlS0C. This mutation was identified in a larger analysis of the DHPR coding sequence (Dianzani I. et al, manuscript in preparation). By enzyme digestion a further patient was found homozygote for G23D and another homozygote for H158Y. Three remaining patients, who did not carry either G23D or H158Y, will be subjected to an extensive exon-screening study to identifY the causal mutations. Geographic origin of the charac-terized chromosomes could be ascertained: G23D was found in one patient from Sicily, two from Apulia, and in one from Malta (in total 7 chro-mosomes); H158Y was found in two patients from Sicily (4 chromosomes in total) . We could not establish the Italian origin of the new iden-tified mutation, Y150C, because paternity in this patient has not been confirmed. Phenotype classification In Table 1 the clinical aspects of each patients are correlated to the responsible mutations. Since DHPR deficiency is very heterogeneous clinically, we evaluated all available clinical and biochemical parameters to attempt a phenotype classification. A fully definition of phenotype, however, is hamp-ered by difterences in procedures employed for screening and diagnosis, as well as for treatment. Moreover, the response to the BH4 oral load and to the combined phenylalanine + BH4 oral load could not be compared, because of lack stan-dardization of these tests. Thus, patients were classified into three pheno-types, severe, intermediate, and mild, on the basis of the need for complete or partial or none treat-ment, respectively. Five patients with a severe phenotype (needing a complete therapy with neu-rotrasmitter precursors and BH4) lacked DHPR activity either in red blood cells or in fibroblasts and harboured mutations G23D and H158Y in Table 1. Genotype/phenotype correlation in DHPR deficiency in Italy . Mutation G23D/G23D (n=3 ) H158YjHlS8Y (n=2) G23DjYlSOC (n=l ) DHPR activity Phenotype (RBC-Fibroblasts) Severe Severe Intermediate 0%-0% 0%-0% O%-ND Functional defect BH4 oral load (mg/kg) Binding site for NADH Response only to 20 Increased susceptibility to proteases Response only to 20 G23D: Binding site fOr NADHjYlSOC:? Respo nes only to 20 n=I1umber of patients; ND=Not Determined; RBC=Red Blood Cells Pteridines / Vol. 7 / No. 3 Sanctis et at.: Mutations in DHPR deficiency homozygosity . The single patient with an intermediate pheno-type (needing BH4 monotherapy only) is a com-pound heterozygote for G23D and Y150C. Discussion In this study we attempted to identity the molecular basis of DHPR deficiency in Italy. So far three mutations have been identified in Italian patients: two of them, G23D and H158Y, are as-sociated to a severe phenotype. G23D affects the binding site for NADH, whereas H158Y causes disruption of the overall protein structure. Both mutations deeply inhibit the enzymatic activity in in vitro expression studies (6,13). It is noteworthy that the single patient with an intermediate pheno-type is a compound heterozygote for G23D and Y150C. Thus, the milder phenotype showed by this patient is probably due to a less severe func-tional damage induced by the concurrent Y150C mutation. Y150C affects a tyrosine considered to be involved in the pterin binding site, thus es-sential for the reduction process (14). Moreover, this tyrosine is part of a consensus TyrXXXLys. This sequence is highly conserved among the class of short chain dehydrogenases, which in-cludes DHPR (15). Two patients homozygous for G 151 Sand F212C mutations, previously descrihed by Rial! ( 16), could be considered to have a mild form, by our classification. They did not require treatment at all or needed only BH4 treatment. They did not show enzymatic activity in red blood cells, but had a residual activity in fibroblasts, of 4 and 10%, respectively. These two mutant en-zymes have not been expressed in in vitro sys-tem. G151S mutation involves a conservative substitution (Gly to Ser), that might explain the mild disease state in this patient. In conclusion, two mutations, G23D and H158Y, account to-gether for 55% of DHPR deficient patients in I-taly. It is interesting to note that a cluster of DHPR deficient patients had been identified in Southern Italy and the same distribution had been found also for PTPS deficiency (17) . Either heterozygote advantage or genetic drift could be hypothesized to explain the clustering of BH4 de-fects in Italy, but neither of these mechanisms has been demonstrated so far. Our data sugg~st that a small number of mu-tations accounts for most cases of DHPR de-ficiency in Italy. Accordingly, clinical phenotype results more homogeneous as compared to other 105 populations . Acknowledgements This study was supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation grant no . 3100-043380.95 (to NB) . References 1. Kaufman S, Holtz man N, Milstein S, Buttler II and Krumholz A. Phenylketonuria due to a deficiency of dihydropteridine reductase. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 785-789. 2. Blau N, Barnes I, Dhondt JL International Database of Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiencies. J Inher Metab Dis 1996; 19(1): 8-14. 3. Lockyer J, Cook RG, Milstein S, Kaufman S, Woo S1., LedJey FD. Structure and expression of human dihydropteridine reductase. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 3329-3333. 4. Dahl HHM, Hutchinson W, McAdam W, Wake S, Morgan FJ, Cotton RG. Human dihydropteridine reductase : characterization of a cDNA clone and its use in analysis of patients with dihydropteridine reduc-tase deficiency. Nucl Ac Res 1987; 15: 1921-1932. 5. Howells DW, Forrest SM, Dahl HH, Cotton RG. Insertion of an extra codon for threonine is a cause of dihydropteridine reductase deficiency . Am J Hum Genet 1990; 47(2): 279-285. 6. Smooker PM, Howells DW, Cotton RGH. Iden-tification and in vitro expression of mutation causing dihydropteridine reductase deficiency. Riochemistry 1993; 32: 6443 -6449. 7. Dianzani I , Howells DW, Ponzone A, Saleeba JA, Smooker PM, Cotton RG. Two new mutations in the dihydropteridine reductase gene in patients with tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency . J Med Genet ] 993; 30(6) : 465 -469. 8 . Smooker PM, Cotton RGH. Molecular hasis of dihy-dropteridine reductase deficiency. Hum Mutat 1995 ; 5( 4) : 279-284. 9. Smooker PM, Christodoulou J, McInnes RR, Cot-ton RG. A mutation causing DHPR deficiency results in a frameshift and secondary splicing detect. J Med Genet 1995; 32(3 ): 220-223. 10. Danks DM , Schlesinger P , Firgaira F et a1. Malig-nant h yperp heny lalaninemia - C linica l fea tures , biochemical findings, and experience with ad-ministratio n of biopterins. Pediatr Res ] 979; 13 : 1150-1155 . 11. Ponzone A, Guardamagna 0, Spada ,\1 et a1. Dif· ferential diagnosis of hvperphem'lalaninemia h\· com-bined phenylalanine-tetrahydrohiopterin loading test. Eur J Pediatr 1993; 1::;2 6::;::; -661 12. Elau ~, Thom' E, Spada .\1. Pon zonc :\. Tetrah\'-drobiopte rin and inherited h\-pcrphem·lalan inemia. Turk r Pediarr 1996: 38 19·33. ] 3 Smooker P.\L H O\\ 'ells D\\·. Di.U1 zani I and Cotton RGH . The spectrum or" mutations in dih\'dropteridine Pteridines / \-01. 7 / No. 3  106 reductase deficiency. Adv Exp Med BioI 1993; 338: 135-138. 14. Varughese KI, Skinner MM, Whiteley JM et al. Cry-stal structure of rat liver dihydropteridine reductase. Proc Nat! Sci Acad 1992; 89: 6080-6084. 15. Varughese KI, Xuong NH, Whiteley JM. Structural and mechanistic implications of incorporating na-turally occurring aberrant mutations of human dihy-Pteridines / Vol. 7 / No . 3 Sanctis et aZ.: Mutations in DHPR deficiency dropteridine reductase into a rat model. Int J Pep-tide Protein Res 1994; 44: 278-287 . 16. Blau N, Heizmann CW, Sperl W et al. Atypical (Mild) forms of dihydropteridine reductase deficiency: neu-rochemical evaluation and mutation detection. Pediatr Res 1992; 32 : 726-730. 17. Ponzone A, Ricca V, Ferraris S et al. DHPR de-ficiency in Italy. J Pediatr 1984; 105 : 1008. 

Mutations and Phenotypes In Dihydropteridine Reductase Deficiency in Italy

Mutations and Phenotypes In Dihydropteridine Reductase Deficiency in Italy

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