Busch, Julia

Crelier, Gerard

Kozerke, Sebastian

Lüscher, Thomas F.

Manka, Robert

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28. Refaat MM, Katz WE. Neoplastic pericardial effusion. Clin Cardiol 2011;34:593–598.29. Airaghi L, Montori D, Santambrogio L, Miadonna A, Tedeschi A. Chronic systemiccapillary leak syndrome. Report of a case and review of the literature. J Intern Med2000;247:731–735.30. Yndestad A, Damas JK, Oie E, Ueland T, Gullestad L, Aukrust P. Systemic inflam-mation in heart failure—the whys and wherefores. Heart Fail Rev 2006;11:83–92.31. Dixon DL, Griggs KM, Bersten AD, De Pasquale CG. Systemic inflammation andcell activation reflects morbidity in chronic heart failure. Cytokine 2011;56:593–599.32. Guder G, Frantz S, Bauersachs J, Allolio B, Wanner C, Koller MT, Ertl G,Angermann CE, Stork S. Reverse epidemiology in systolic and nonsystolic heartfailure: Cumulative prognostic benefit of classical cardiovascular risk factors.Circ Heart Fail 2009;2:563–571.33. Swedberg K, Cleland J, Dargie H, Drexler H, Follath F, Komajda M, Tavazzi L,Smiseth OA, Gavazzi A, Haverich A, Hoes A, Jaarsma T, Korewicki J, Levy S,Linde C, Lopez-Sendon JL, Nieminen MS, Pierard L, Remme WJ. Guidelines forthe diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: executive summary(update 2005): the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heartfailure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1115–1140.CARDIOVASCULAR FLASHLIGHT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht038Online publish-ahead-of-print 5 February 2013Pre- and post-operative assessment of valvular and aortic flow using 4Dflow magnetic resonance imagingRobert Manka1,2,3*, Julia Busch2, Gerard Crelier2, Thomas F. Lu¨scher1, and Sebastian Kozerke21Clinic of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; 2Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich,Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and 3Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100,CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland* Corresponding author. Tel: +41 44 255 1251, Fax: +41 44 255 4506, Email: robert.manka@usz.chThis paper was guest edited by Brahmajee Kartik Nallamothu, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Email: bnallamo@umich.edu.Findings in a 71-year-old male patient are reported who pre-sented with an aneurysm of the ascending aorta and a heavily cal-cified bicuspid aortic valve with severe stenosis and mildregurgitation. Transthoracic echocardiography and invasive as-sessment showed normal left ventricular function, a severelyreduced valve area of 0.77 cm2, and a dilation of the ascendingaorta of 52 mm. To further investigate the haemodynamic influ-ence of the valvular and aortic pathology, a pre- and post-operative assessment using time-resolved three-dimensionalphase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D Flow MRI)was performed using a 1.5T MR scanner (Philips Achieva, Best,The Netherlands). Blood flow analysis was performed using aprototype software package (GTFlow, GyroTools, Zurich, Switz-erland). After the pre-operative 4D Flow MRI exam, the patientunderwent replacement of the aortic root with a biologicalaortic valve prosthesis (25 mm, Medtronic Freestylew) and ofthe ascending aorta, using a collagen-impregnated woven pros-thesis (28 mm, Hemashield Wovenw). A post-operative 4DFlow MRI scan was obtained 85 days after the operation.Panels 1A and B compare pathlines pre- and post-operation.While helical flow patterns are observed in the ascendingaorta pre-operation (Panel 1A, Supplementary material online, Movie S1), normal flow patterns are found after the operation (Panel1B, Supplementary material online, Movie S2). The distinct systolic retrograde flow channel (Panels 1C and E) observed pre-operationdisappeared entirely after the operation (Panels 1D and F ), indicating increased efficiency of blood transport. Likewise, systolic peakflow was significantly reduced after the operation (Panels 1E and F ). In summary, this example demonstrates the value of 4D Flow MRIin assessing patients with valvular and aortic disease. The method holds potential for advanced pre-operative patient assessment andfollow-up monitoring with particular emphasis on quantifying haemodynamic implications of structural alterations in a non-invasive andcomprehensive manner.Supplementary material is available at European Heart Journal online.Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. & The Author 2013. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.comPE with chronic heart failure 1423

Pre- and post-operative assessment of valvular and aortic flow using 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging

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