Background. Recently recommended treatment modalities for prosthetic joint infection (PJI) were evaluated. Methods. A retrospective cohort analysis of 68 patients with PJI of hip or knee who were treated from 1995 through 2004 was conducted at the University Hospital Bern (Bern, Switzerland). Results. A 2-stage exchange was the most frequent (75.0%) surgical strategy, followed by retention and/or debridement (17.6%), 1-stage exchange (5.9%), and resection arthroplasty or suppressive antimicrobial treatment (1.5%). The chosen strategy was in 88% agreement with the recommendations. Adherence was only 17% for retention and/or debridement and was 0% for 1-stage exchange. Most PJIs (84%) were treated with an adequate or partially adequate antimicrobial regimen. Recurrence-free survival was observed in 51.5% of PJI episodes after 24 months of follow-up. The risk of treatment failure was significantly higher for PJI treated with a surgical strategy other than that recommended (hazard ratio, 2.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-4.70; P=.01) and for PJIs treated with antibiotics not corresponding to recommendations (hazard ratio, 3.45; confidence interval, 1.50-7.60; P=.002). Other risk factors associated with lack of healing were a high infection score at the time of diagnosis (hazard ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.40; P<.001) and presence of a sinus tract (hazard ratio, 2.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-5.0; P=.02). Conclusions. Our study demonstrates the value of current treatment recommendations. Inappropriate choice of conservative surgical strategies (such as debridement and retention) and inadequate antibiotic treatment are associated with failur
